Detection of bifurcation points

The bifurcations are detected during a call to br, _ = continuation(F, J, u0, p0, lens, contParams::ContinuationPar;kwargs...) by turning on the following flags:

• contParams.detectBifurcation = 2

The bifurcation points are located by looking at the spectrum e.g. by monitoring the unstable eigenvalues. The eigenvalue λ is declared unstable if real(λ) > contParams.precisionStability. The located bifurcation points are then returned in br.bifpoint.

Precise detection of bifurcation points using Bisection

Note that the bifurcation points detected when detectBifurcation = 2 are only approximate bifurcation points. Indeed, we only signal that, in between two continuation steps which can be large, a (several) bifurcation has been detected. Hence, we only have a rough idea of where the bifurcation is located, unless your dsmax is very small... This can be improved as follows.

If you choose detectBifurcation = 3, a bisection algorithm is used to locate the bifurcation points more precisely. It means that we recursively track down the change in stability. Some options in ContinuationPar control this behavior:

• nInversion: number of sign inversions in the bisection algorithm
• maxBisectionSteps maximum number of bisection steps
• tolBisectionEigenvalue tolerance on real part of eigenvalue to detect bifurcation points in the bisection steps

If this is still not enough, you can use a Newton solver to locate them very precisely. See Fold / Hopf Continuation.

Large scale computations

The user must specify the number of eigenvalues to be computed (like nev = 10) in the parameters ::ContinuationPar passed to continuation. Note that nev is automatically incremented whenever a bifurcation point is detected ^[1]. Also, there is an option in ::ContinuationPar to save (or not) the eigenvectors. This can be useful in memory limited environments (like on GPUs).

^[1] In this case, the Krylov dimension is not increased because the eigensolver could be a direct solver. You might want to increase this dimension using the callbacks in continuation.

List of detected bifurcation points

Eigensolver

The user must provide an eigensolver by setting NewtonOptions.eigsolver where NewtonOptions is located in the parameter ::ContinuationPar passed to continuation. See NewtonPar and ContinuationPar for more information on the composite type of the options passed to newton and continuation.

The eigensolver is highly problem dependent and this is why the user should implement / parametrize its own eigensolver through the abstract type AbstractEigenSolver or select one among List of implemented eigen solvers.

Generic bifurcation

By this we mean a change in the dimension of the Jacobian kernel. The detection of Branch point is done by analysis of the spectrum of the Jacobian.

The detection is triggered by setting detectBifurcation > 0 in the parameter ::ContinuationPar passed to continuation.

Fold bifurcation

The detection of Fold point is done by monitoring the monotonicity of the parameter.

The detection is triggered by setting detectFold = true in the parameter ::ContinuationPar passed to continuation. When a Fold is detected on a branch br, a point is added to br.foldpoint allowing for later refinement using the function newtonFold.

Hopf bifurcation

The detection of Branch point is done by analysis of the spectrum of the Jacobian.

The detection is triggered by setting detectBifurcation > 0 in the parameter ::ContinuationPar passed to continuation. When a Hopf point is detected, a point is added to br.bifpoint allowing for later refinement using the function newtonHopf.

Bifurcations of periodic orbits

The detection is triggered by setting detectBifurcation > 0 in the parameter ::ContinuationPar passed to continuation. The detection of bifurcation points is done by analysis of the spectrum of the Monodromy matrix composed of the Floquet multipliers. The following bifurcations are currently detected:

• Fold of periodic orbit
• Neimark-Sacker
• Period doubling