Graphs

The fundamental graph type in GraphNeuralNetworks.jl is the GNNGraph. A GNNGraph g is a directed graph with nodes labeled from 1 to g.num_nodes. The underlying implementation allows for efficient application of graph neural network operators, gpu movement, and storage of node/edge/graph related feature arrays.

GNNGraph inherits from Graphs.jl's AbstractGraph, therefore it supports most functionality from that library.

Graph Creation

A GNNGraph can be created from several different data sources encoding the graph topology:

using GraphNeuralNetworks, Graphs, SparseArrays


# Construct a GNNGraph from from a Graphs.jl's graph
lg = erdos_renyi(10, 30)
g = GNNGraph(lg)

# Same as above using convenience method rand_graph
g = rand_graph(10, 60)

# From an adjacency matrix
A = sprand(10, 10, 0.3)
g = GNNGraph(A)

# From an adjacency list
adjlist = [[2,3], [1,3], [1,2,4], [3]]
g = GNNGraph(adjlist)

# From COO representation
source = [1,1,2,2,3,3,3,4]
target = [2,3,1,3,1,2,4,3]
g = GNNGraph(source, target)

See also the related methods Graphs.adjacency_matrix, edge_index, and adjacency_list.

Basic Queries

julia> source = [1,1,2,2,3,3,3,4];

julia> target = [2,3,1,3,1,2,4,3];

julia> g = GNNGraph(source, target)
GNNGraph:
    num_nodes = 4
    num_edges = 8


julia> @assert g.num_nodes == 4   # number of nodes

julia> @assert g.num_edges == 8   # number of edges

julia> @assert g.num_graphs == 1  # number of subgraphs (a GNNGraph can batch many graphs together)

julia> is_directed(g)      # a GNNGraph is always directed
true

julia> is_bidirected(g)      # for each edge, also the reverse edge is present
true

julia> has_self_loops(g)
false

julia> has_multi_edges(g)      
false

Data Features

One or more arrays can be associated to nodes, edges, and (sub)graphs of a GNNGraph. They will be stored in the fields g.ndata, g.edata, and g.gdata respectivaly. The data fields are NamedTuples. The array they contain must have last dimension equal to num_nodes (in ndata), num_edges (in edata), or num_graphs (in gdata).

# Create a graph with a single feature array `x` associated to nodes
g = GNNGraph(erdos_renyi(10,  30), ndata = (; x = rand(Float32, 32, 10)))

g.ndata.x  # access the features

# Equivalent definition passing directly the array
g = GNNGraph(erdos_renyi(10,  30), ndata = rand(Float32, 32, 10))

g.ndata.x  # `:x` is the default name for node features

# You can have multiple feature arrays
g = GNNGraph(erdos_renyi(10,  30), ndata = (; x=rand(Float32, 32, 10), y=rand(Float32, 10)))

g.ndata.y, g.ndata.x

# Attach an array with edge features.
# Since `GNNGraph`s are directed, the number of edges
# will be double that of the original Graphs' undirected graph.
g = GNNGraph(erdos_renyi(10,  30), edata = rand(Float32, 60))
@assert g.num_edges == 60

g.edata.e

# If we pass only half of the edge features, they will be copied
# on the reversed edges.
g = GNNGraph(erdos_renyi(10,  30), edata = rand(Float32, 30))


# Create a new graph from previous one, inheriting edge data
# but replacing node data
g′ = GNNGraph(g, ndata =(; z = ones(Float32, 16, 10)))

g.ndata.z
g.edata.e

Edge weights

It is common to denote scalar edge features as edge weights. The GNNGraph has specific support for edge weights: they can be stored as part of internal representions of the graph (COO or adjacency matrix). Some graph convolutional layers, most notably the GCNConv, can use the edge weights to perform weighted sums over the nodes' neighborhoods.

julia> source = [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3];

julia> target = [2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 2];

julia> weight = [1.0, 0.5, 2.1, 2.3, 4, 4.1];

julia> g = GNNGraph(source, target, weight)
GNNGraph:
    num_nodes = 3
    num_edges = 6

julia> get_edge_weight(g)
6-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 0.5
 2.1
 2.3
 4.0
 4.1

Batches and Subgraphs

Multiple GNNGraphs can be batched togheter into a single graph that contains the total number of the original nodes and where the original graphs are disjoint subgraphs.

using Flux
using Flux.Data: DataLoader

data = [rand_graph(10, 30, ndata=rand(Float32, 3, 10)) for _ in 1:160]
gall = Flux.batch(data)

# gall is a GNNGraph containing many graphs
@assert gall.num_graphs == 160 
@assert gall.num_nodes == 1600   # 10 nodes x 160 graphs
@assert gall.num_edges == 9600  # 30 undirected edges x 2 directions x 160 graphs

# Let's create a mini-batch from gall
g23, _ = getgraph(gall, 2:3)
@assert g23.num_graphs == 2
@assert g23.num_nodes == 20   # 10 nodes x 160 graphs
@assert g23.num_edges == 120  # 30 undirected edges x 2 directions x 2 graphs x

# We can pass a GNNGraph to Flux's DataLoader
train_loader = DataLoader(gall, batchsize=16, shuffle=true)

for g in train_loader
    @assert g.num_graphs == 16
    @assert g.num_nodes == 160
    @assert size(g.ndata.x) = (3, 160)    
    # .....
end

# Access the nodes' graph memberships 
graph_indicator(gall)

DataLoader and mini-batch iteration

While constructing a batched graph and passing it to the DataLoader is always an option for mini-batch iteration, the recommended way is to pass an array of graphs directly:

using Flux.Data: DataLoader

data = [rand_graph(10, 30, ndata=rand(Float32, 3, 10)) for _ in 1:320]

train_loader = DataLoader(data, batchsize=16, shuffle=true)

for g in train_loader
    @assert g.num_graphs == 16
    @assert g.num_nodes == 160
    @assert size(g.ndata.x) = (3, 160)    
    # .....
end

Graph Manipulation

g′ = add_self_loops(g)
g′ = remove_self_loops(g)
g′ = add_edges(g, [1, 2], [2, 3]) # add edges 1->2 and 2->3

GPU movement

Move a GNNGraph to a CUDA device using Flux.gpu method.

using Flux: gpu

g_gpu = g |> gpu

JuliaGraphs/Graphs.jl integration

Since GNNGraph <: Graphs.AbstractGraph, we can use any functionality from Graphs.jl. Moreover, GNNGraphs can be constructed from Graphs.Graph and Graphs.DiGraph.

julia> import Graphs

julia> using GraphNeuralNetworks

# A Graphs.jl undirected graph
julia> gu = Graphs.erdos_renyi(10, 20)    
{10, 20} undirected simple Int64 graph

# Since GNNGraphs are undirected, the edges are doubled when converting 
# to GNNGraph
julia> GNNGraph(gu)  # Since GNNGraphs are 
GNNGraph:
    num_nodes = 10
    num_edges = 40

# A Graphs.jl directed graph
julia> gd = Graphs.erdos_renyi(10, 20, is_directed=true)
{10, 20} directed simple Int64 graph

julia> GNNGraph(gd)
GNNGraph:
    num_nodes = 10
    num_edges = 20