Path and Traversal

DefaultDistance

An array-like structure that provides distance values of 1 for any src, dst combination.

bfs_tree(g, s[; dir=:out])

Provide a breadth-first traversal of the graph g starting with source vertex s, and return a directed acyclic graph of vertices in the order they were discovered. If dir is specified, use the corresponding edge direction (:in and :out are acceptable values).

dfs_tree(g, s)

Return an ordered vector of vertices representing a directed acyclic graph based on depth-first traversal of the graph g starting with source vertex s.

maximum_adjacency_visit(g[, distmx][, log][, io])

Return the vertices in g traversed by maximum adjacency search. An optional distmx matrix may be specified; if omitted, edge distances are assumed to be 1. If log (default false) is true, visitor events will be printed to io, which defaults to STDOUT; otherwise, no event information will be displayed.

bfs_parents(g, s[; dir=:out])

Perform a breadth-first search of graph g starting from vertex s. Return a vector of parent vertices indexed by vertex. If dir is specified, use the corresponding edge direction (:in and :out are acceptable values).

Performance

This implementation is designed to perform well on large graphs. There are implementations which are marginally faster in practice for smaller graphs, but the performance improvements using this implementation on large graphs can be significant.

has_path(g::AbstractGraph, u, v; exclude_vertices=Vector())

Return true if there is a path from u to v in g (while avoiding vertices in exclude_vertices) or u == v. Return false if there is no such path or if u or v is in excluded_vertices.

diffusion(g, p, n)

Run diffusion simulation on g for n steps with spread probabilities based on p. Return a vector with the set of new vertices reached at each step of the simulation.

Optional Arguments

• initial_infections=sample(vertices(g), 1): A list of vertices that

are infected at the start of the simulation.

• watch=Vector(): While simulation is always run on the full graph,

specifying watch limits reporting to a specific set of vertices reached during the simulation. If left empty, all vertices will be watched.

• normalize=false: if false, set the probability of spread from a vertex $i$ to

each of the outneighbors of $i$ to $p$. If true, set the probability of spread from a vertex $i$ to each of the outneighbors of $i$ to $\frac{p}{outdegreee(g, i)}$.

diffusion_rate(results)
diffusion_rate(g, p, n; ...)

Given the results of a diffusion output or the parameters to the diffusion simulation itself, (run and) return the rate of diffusion as a vector representing the cumulative number of vertices infected at each simulation step, restricted to vertices included in watch, if specified.

mincut(g, distmx=weights(g))

Return a tuple (parity, bestcut), where parity is a vector of integer values that determines the partition in g (1 or 2) and bestcut is the weight of the cut that makes this partition. An optional distmx matrix may be specified; if omitted, edge distances are assumed to be 1.

randomwalk(g, s, niter; seed=-1)

Perform a random walk on graph g starting at vertex s and continuing for a maximum of niter steps. Return a vector of vertices visited in order.

non_backtracking_randomwalk(g, s, niter; seed=-1)

Perform a non-backtracking random walk on directed graph g starting at vertex s and continuing for a maximum of niter steps. Return a vector of vertices visited in order.

self_avoiding_walk(g, s, niter; seed=-1)

Perform a self-avoiding walk on graph g starting at vertex s and continuing for a maximum of niter steps. Return a vector of vertices visited in order.

is_connected(g)

Return true if graph g is connected. For directed graphs, return true if graph g is weakly connected.

Examples

julia> g = SimpleGraph([0 1 0; 1 0 1; 0 1 0]);

julia> is_connected(g)
true

julia> g = SimpleGraph([0 1 0 0 0; 1 0 1 0 0; 0 1 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 1; 0 0 0 1 0]);

julia> is_connected(g)
false

julia> g = SimpleDiGraph([0 1 0; 0 0 1; 1 0 0]);

julia> is_connected(g)
true

is_strongly_connected(g)

Return true if directed graph g is strongly connected.

Examples

julia> g = SimpleDiGraph([0 1 0; 0 0 1; 1 0 0]);

julia> is_strongly_connected(g)
true

is_weakly_connected(g)

Return true if the graph g is weakly connected. If g is undirected, this function is equivalent to is_connected(g).

Examples

julia> g = SimpleDiGraph([0 1 0; 0 0 1; 1 0 0]);

julia> is_weakly_connected(g)
true

julia> g = SimpleDiGraph([0 1 0; 1 0 1; 0 0 0]);

julia> is_connected(g)
true

julia> is_strongly_connected(g)
false

julia> is_weakly_connected(g)
true

connected_components(g)

Return the connected components of an undirected graph g as a vector of components, with each element a vector of vertices belonging to the component.

For directed graphs, see strongly_connected_components and weakly_connected_components.

Examples

julia> g = SimpleGraph([0 1 0; 1 0 1; 0 1 0]);

julia> connected_components(g)
1-element Array{Array{Int64,1},1}:
 [1, 2, 3]

julia> g = SimpleGraph([0 1 0 0 0; 1 0 1 0 0; 0 1 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 1; 0 0 0 1 0]);

julia> connected_components(g)
2-element Array{Array{Int64,1},1}:
 [1, 2, 3]
 [4, 5]

weakly_connected_components(g)

Return the weakly connected components of the graph g. This is equivalent to the connected components of the undirected equivalent of g. For undirected graphs this is equivalent to the connected_components of g.

Examples

julia> g = SimpleDiGraph([0 1 0; 1 0 1; 0 0 0]);

julia> weakly_connected_components(g)
1-element Array{Array{Int64,1},1}:
 [1, 2, 3]

has_self_loops(g)

Return true if g has any self loops.

Examples

julia> using LightGraphs

julia> g = SimpleGraph(2);

julia> add_edge!(g, 1, 2);

julia> has_self_loops(g)
false

julia> add_edge!(g, 1, 1);

julia> has_self_loops(g)
true

attracting_components(g)

Return a vector of vectors of integers representing lists of attracting components in the directed graph g.

The attracting components are a subset of the strongly connected components in which the components do not have any leaving edges.

Examples

julia> g = SimpleDiGraph([0 1 0 0 0; 0 0 1 0 0; 1 0 0 1 0; 0 0 0 0 1; 0 0 0 1 0])
{5, 6} directed simple Int64 graph

julia> strongly_connected_components(g)
2-element Array{Array{Int64,1},1}:
 [4, 5]
 [1, 2, 3]

julia> attracting_components(g)
1-element Array{Array{Int64,1},1}:
 [4, 5]

is_bipartite(g)

Return true if graph g is bipartite.

Examples

julia> using LightGraphs

julia> g = SimpleGraph(3);

julia> add_edge!(g, 1, 2);

julia> add_edge!(g, 2, 3);

julia> is_bipartite(g)
true

julia> add_edge!(g, 1, 3);

julia> is_bipartite(g)
false

bipartite_map(g) -> Vector{UInt8}

For a bipartite graph g, return a vector c of size $|V|$ containing the assignment of each vertex to one of the two sets ($c_i == 1$ or $c_i == 2$). If g is not bipartite, return an empty vector.

Implementation Notes

Note that an empty vector does not necessarily indicate non-bipartiteness. An empty graph will return an empty vector but is bipartite.

Examples

julia> using LightGraphs

julia> g = SimpleGraph(3);

julia> bipartite_map(g)
3-element Array{UInt8,1}:
 0x01
 0x01
 0x01

julia> add_vertices!(g, 3);

julia> add_edge!(g, 1, 2);

julia> add_edge!(g, 2, 3);

julia> bipartite_map(g)
3-element Array{UInt8,1}:
 0x01
 0x02
 0x01

biconnected_components(g) -> Vector{Vector{Edge{eltype(g)}}}

Compute the biconnected components of an undirected graph gand return a vector of vectors containing each biconnected component.

Performance: Time complexity is $\mathcal{O}(|V|)$.

Examples

julia> using LightGraphs

julia> biconnected_components(star_graph(5))
4-element Array{Array{LightGraphs.SimpleGraphs.SimpleEdge,1},1}:
 [Edge 1 => 3]
 [Edge 1 => 4]
 [Edge 1 => 5]
 [Edge 1 => 2]

julia> biconnected_components(cycle_graph(5))
1-element Array{Array{LightGraphs.SimpleGraphs.SimpleEdge,1},1}:
 [Edge 1 => 5, Edge 4 => 5, Edge 3 => 4, Edge 2 => 3, Edge 1 => 2]

condensation(g[, scc])

Return the condensation graph of the strongly connected components scc in the directed graph g. If scc is missing, generate the strongly connected components first.

Examples

julia> g = SimpleDiGraph([0 1 0 0 0; 0 0 1 0 0; 1 0 0 1 0; 0 0 0 0 1; 0 0 0 1 0])
{5, 6} directed simple Int64 graph

julia> strongly_connected_components(g)
2-element Array{Array{Int64,1},1}:
 [4, 5]
 [1, 2, 3]

julia> foreach(println, edges(condensation(g)))
Edge 2 => 1

neighborhood(g, v, d, distmx=weights(g))

Return a vector of each vertex in g at a geodesic distance less than or equal to d, where distances may be specified by distmx.

Optional Arguments

• dir=:out: If g is directed, this argument specifies the edge direction

with respect to v of the edges to be considered. Possible values: :in or :out.

Examples

julia> g = SimpleDiGraph([0 1 0 0 0; 0 0 1 0 0; 1 0 0 1 0; 0 0 0 0 1; 0 0 0 1 0]);

julia> neighborhood(g, 1, 2)
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
 1
 2
 3

julia> neighborhood(g, 1, 3)
4-element Array{Int64,1}:
 1
 2
 3
 4

julia> neighborhood(g, 1, 3, [0 1 0 0 0; 0 0 1 0 0; 1 0 0 0.25 0; 0 0 0 0 0.25; 0 0 0 0.25 0])
5-element Array{Int64,1}:
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5

neighborhood_dists(g, v, d, distmx=weights(g))

Return a a vector of tuples representing each vertex which is at a geodesic distance less than or equal to d, along with its distance from v. Non-negative distances may be specified by distmx.

Optional Arguments

• dir=:out: If g is directed, this argument specifies the edge direction

with respect to v of the edges to be considered. Possible values: :in or :out.

Examples

julia> g = SimpleDiGraph([0 1 0 0 0; 0 0 1 0 0; 1 0 0 1 0; 0 0 0 0 1; 0 0 0 1 0]);

julia> neighborhood_dists(g, 1, 3)
4-element Array{Tuple{Int64,Int64},1}:
 (1, 0)
 (2, 1)
 (3, 2)
 (4, 3)

julia> neighborhood_dists(g, 1, 3, [0 1 0 0 0; 0 0 1 0 0; 1 0 0 0.25 0; 0 0 0 0 0.25; 0 0 0 0.25 0])
5-element Array{Tuple{Int64,Float64},1}:
 (1, 0.0)
 (2, 1.0)
 (3, 2.0)
 (4, 2.25)
 (5, 2.5)

julia> neighborhood_dists(g, 4, 3)
2-element Array{Tuple{Int64,Int64},1}:
 (4, 0)
 (5, 1)

julia> neighborhood_dists(g, 4, 3, dir=:in)
5-element Array{Tuple{Int64,Int64},1}:
 (4, 0)
 (3, 1)
 (5, 1)
 (2, 2)
 (1, 3)

articulation(g)

Compute the articulation points of a connected graph g and return an array containing all cut vertices.

Examples

julia> using LightGraphs

julia> articulation(star_graph(5))
1-element Array{Int64,1}:
 1

julia> articulation(path_graph(5))
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
 2
 3
 4

bridges(g)

Compute the bridges of a connected graph g and return an array containing all bridges, i.e edges whose deletion increases the number of connected components of the graph.

Examples

julia> using LightGraphs

julia> bridges(star_graph(5))
8-element Array{LightGraphs.SimpleGraphs.SimpleEdge{Int64},1}:
 Edge 1 => 2
 Edge 1 => 3
 Edge 1 => 4
 Edge 1 => 5

julia> bridges(path_graph(5))
8-element Array{LightGraphs.SimpleGraphs.SimpleEdge{Int64},1}:
 Edge 4 => 5
 Edge 3 => 4
 Edge 2 => 3
 Edge 1 => 2

period(g)

Return the (common) period for all vertices in a strongly connected directed graph. Will throw an error if the graph is not strongly connected.

Examples

julia> g = SimpleDiGraph([0 1 0; 0 0 1; 1 0 0]);

julia> period(g)
3

isgraphical(degs)

Return true if the degree sequence degs is graphical. A sequence of integers is called graphical, if there exists a graph where the degrees of its vertices form that same sequence.

Performance

Time complexity: $\mathcal{O}(|degs|*\log(|degs|))$.

Implementation Notes

According to Erdös-Gallai theorem, a degree sequence $\{d_1, ...,d_n\}$ (sorted in descending order) is graphic iff the sum of vertex degrees is even and the sequence obeys the property -

for each integer r <= n-1

is_cyclic(g)

Return true if graph g contains a cycle.

Implementation Notes

Uses DFS.

maxsimplecycles(dg::::IsDirected, byscc::Bool = true)

Compute the theoretical maximum number of cycles in the directed graph dg.

The computation can be performed assuming the graph is complete or taking into account the decomposition in strongly connected components (byscc parameter).

Performance

A more efficient version is possible.

References

• Johnson

simplecycles(dg::::IsDirected)

Compute and return all cycles of the given directed graph using Johnson's algorithm.

Performance

The number of cycles grows more than exponentially with the number of vertices, you might want to use the algorithm with a ceiling – simplecycles_iter – on large directed graphs (slightly slower). If you want to have an idea of the possible number of cycles, look at function maxsimplecycles(dg::DiGraph, byscc::Bool = true). If you only need short cycles of a limited length, simplecycles_limited_length can be more efficient.

References

• Johnson

Examples

julia> simplecycles(complete_digraph(3))
5-element Array{Array{Int64,1},1}:
 [1, 2]
 [1, 2, 3]
 [1, 3]
 [1, 3, 2]
 [2, 3]

simplecycles_iter(dg::DiGraph, ceiling = 10^6)

Search all cycles of the given directed graph, using Johnson's algorithm, up to the ceiling (to avoid memory overload).

Implementation Notes

If the graph is small, the ceiling will not be reached and simplecycles(dg::DiGraph) is more efficient. It avoids the overhead of the counting and testing if the ceiling is reached. It returns all the cycles of the directed graph if the ceiling is not reached, a subset of them otherwise.

To get an idea of the possible number of cycles, use function `maxsimplecycles(dg::DiGraph, byscc::Bool = true) on the directed graph.

References

• Johnson

simplecycles_hawick_james(g)

Find circuits (including self-loops) in g using the algorithm of Hawick & James.

References

• Hawick & James, "Enumerating Circuits and Loops in Graphs with Self-Arcs and Multiple-Arcs", 2008

simplecyclescount(dg::DiGraph, ceiling = 10^6)

Count the number of cycles in a directed graph, using Johnson's algorithm. Return the minimum of the ceiling and the number of cycles.

Implementation Notes

The ceiling is here to avoid memory overload if there are a lot of cycles in the graph. Default value is 10^6, but it can be higher or lower. You can use the function maxsimplecycles(dg::DiGraph, byscc::Bool = true) to get an idea of the theoretical maximum number or cycles.

References

• Johnson

Examples

julia> simplecyclescount(complete_digraph(6))
409

simplecycleslength(dg::DiGraph, ceiling = 10^6)

Search all cycles of the given directed graph, using Johnson's algorithm, and return a tuple representing the cycle length and the number of cycles.

Implementation Notes

To get an idea of the possible number of cycles, using function maxsimplecycles(dg::DiGraph, byscc::Bool = true) on the directed graph.

If the ceiling is reached (ncycles = ceiling), the output is only a subset of the cycles lengths.

References

• Johnson

Examples

julia> simplecycleslength(complete_digraph(16))
([0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 10, 73, 511, 3066, 15329, 61313, 183939, 367876, 367876], 1000000)

julia> simplecycleslength(wheel_digraph(16))
([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0], 1)

simplecycles_limited_length(g, n, ceiling=10^6)

Compute and return at most ceiling cycles of length at most n of the given graph. Both directed and undirected graphs are supported.

Performance

The number of cycles grows very fast with the number of vertices and the allowed length of the cycles. This function is intended for finding short cycles. If you want to find cycles of any length in a directed graph, simplecycles or simplecycles_iter may be more efficient.

karp_minimum_cycle_mean(g[, distmx])

Return minimum cycle mean of the directed graph g with optional edge weights contained in distmx.

References

• Karp.

kruskal_mst(g, distmx=weights(g); minimize=true)

Return a vector of edges representing the minimum (by default) spanning tree of a connected, undirected graph g with optional distance matrix distmx using Kruskal's algorithm.

Optional Arguments

• minimize=true: if set to false, calculate the maximum spanning tree.

prim_mst(g, distmx=weights(g))

Return a vector of edges representing the minimum spanning tree of a connected, undirected graph g with optional distance matrix distmx using Prim's algorithm. Return a vector of edges.

a_star(g, s, t[, distmx][, heuristic])

Return a vector of edges comprising the shortest path between vertices s and t using the A* search algorithm. An optional heuristic function and edge distance matrix may be supplied. If missing, the distance matrix is set to LightGraphs.DefaultDistance and the heuristic is set to n -> 0.

dijkstra_shortest_paths(g, srcs, distmx=weights(g));

Perform Dijkstra's algorithm on a graph, computing shortest distances between srcs and all other vertices. Return a LightGraphs.DijkstraState that contains various traversal information.

Optional Arguments

• allpaths=false: If true, returns a LightGraphs.DijkstraState that keeps track of all

predecessors of a given vertex.

Performance

If using a sparse matrix for distmx, you may achieve better performance by passing in a transpose of its sparse transpose. That is, assuming D is the sparse distance matrix:

D = transpose(sparse(transpose(D)))

Be aware that realizing the sparse transpose of D incurs a heavy one-time penalty, so this strategy should only be used when multiple calls to dijkstra_shortest_paths with the distance matrix are planned.

Examples

julia> using LightGraphs

julia> ds = dijkstra_shortest_paths(cycle_graph(5), 2);

julia> ds.dists
5-element Array{Int64,1}:
 1
 0
 1
 2
 2

julia> ds = dijkstra_shortest_paths(path_graph(5), 2);

julia> ds.dists
5-element Array{Int64,1}:
 1
 0
 1
 2
 3

desopo_pape_shortest_paths(g, src, distmx=weights(g))

Compute shortest paths between a source src and all other nodes in graph g using the D'Esopo-Pape algorithm. Return a LightGraphs.DEsopoPapeState with relevant traversal information.

Examples

julia> using LightGraphs

julia> ds = desopo_pape_shortest_paths(cycle_graph(5), 2);

julia> ds.dists
5-element Array{Int64,1}:
 1
 0
 1
 2
 2

julia> ds = desopo_pape_shortest_paths(path_graph(5), 2);

julia> ds.dists
5-element Array{Int64,1}:
 1
 0
 1
 2
 3

bellman_ford_shortest_paths(g, s, distmx=weights(g))
bellman_ford_shortest_paths(g, ss, distmx=weights(g))

Compute shortest paths between a source s (or list of sources ss) and all other nodes in graph g using the Bellman-Ford algorithm. Return a LightGraphs.BellmanFordState with relevant traversal information.

floyd_warshall_shortest_paths(g, distmx=weights(g))

Use the Floyd-Warshall algorithm to compute the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices in graph g using an optional distance matrix distmx. Return a LightGraphs.FloydWarshallState with relevant traversal information.

Performance

Space complexity is on the order of $\mathcal{O}(|V|^2)$.

yen_k_shortest_paths(g, source, target, distmx=weights(g), K=1; maxdist=Inf);

Perform Yen's algorithm on a graph, computing k-shortest distances between source and target other vertices. Return a YenState that contains distances and paths.

gdistances(g, source; sort_alg=QuickSort)

Return a vector filled with the geodesic distances of vertices in g from source. If source is a collection of vertices each element should be unique. For vertices in disconnected components the default distance is typemax(T).

An optional sorting algorithm may be specified (see Performance section).

Performance

gdistances uses QuickSort internally for its default sorting algorithm, since it performs the best of the algorithms built into Julia Base. However, passing a RadixSort (available via SortingAlgorithms.jl) will provide significant performance improvements on larger graphs.

gdistances!(g, source, dists; sort_alg=QuickSort)

Fill dists with the geodesic distances of vertices in g from source vertex (or collection of vertices) source. dists should be a vector of length nv(g) filled with typemax(T). Return dists.

For vertices in disconnected components the default distance is typemax(T).

An optional sorting algorithm may be specified (see Performance section).

Performance

gdistances uses QuickSort internally for its default sorting algorithm, since it performs the best of the algorithms built into Julia Base. However, passing a RadixSort (available via SortingAlgorithms.jl) will provide significant performance improvements on larger graphs.

enumerate_paths(state[, vs])

Given a path state state of type AbstractPathState, return a vector (indexed by vertex) of the paths between the source vertex used to compute the path state and a single destination vertex, a list of destination vertices, or the entire graph. For multiple destination vertices, each path is represented by a vector of vertices on the path between the source and the destination. Nonexistent paths will be indicated by an empty vector. For single destinations, the path is represented by a single vector of vertices, and will be length 0 if the path does not exist.

Implementation Notes

For Floyd-Warshall path states, please note that the output is a bit different, since this algorithm calculates all shortest paths for all pairs of vertices: enumerate_paths(state) will return a vector (indexed by source vertex) of vectors (indexed by destination vertex) of paths. enumerate_paths(state, v) will return a vector (indexed by destination vertex) of paths from source v to all other vertices. In addition, enumerate_paths(state, v, d) will return a vector representing the path from vertex v to vertex d.

AbstractPathState

An abstract type that provides information from shortest paths calculations.

struct DijkstraState{T, U}

An AbstractPathState designed for Dijkstra shortest-paths calculations.

struct DEposoPapeState{T, U}

An AbstractPathState designed for D`Esopo-Pape shortest-path calculations.

BellmanFordState{T, U}

An AbstractPathState designed for Bellman-Ford shortest-paths calculations.

struct FloydWarshallState{T, U}

An AbstractPathState designed for Floyd-Warshall shortest-paths calculations.

struct YenState{T, U}

Designed for yen k-shortest-paths calculations.