Simple graphics

In Luxor, there are different ways of working with graphical items. You can either draw them immediately, ie place them on the drawing, and they're then fixed. Or you can construct geometric objects containing lists of points for further processing. Watch out for a vertices=true option, which returns coordinate data rather than drawing a shape.

Rectangles and boxes

Simple rectangle and box shapes can be made in different ways.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 220, "../assets/figures/basicrects.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
rulers()
sethue("grey40")
rect(Point(0, 0), 100, 100, :stroke)
sethue("blue")
box(Point(0, 0), 100, 100, :stroke)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

rect rectangles are positioned by a corner, a box made with box can be defined either by its center and dimensions, or by two opposite corners.

If you want the coordinates of the corners of a box, rather than draw one immediately, use:

box(centerpoint, width, height, vertices=true)

or

box(corner1,  corner2, vertices=true)

box is also able to draw some of the other Luxor objects, such as BoundingBoxes and Table cells, and usually also returns the coordinates of the corners.

box(Point(0, 0), 100, 100)

4-element Array{Point,1}:
 Point(-50.0, 50.0)
 Point(-50.0, -50.0)
 Point(50.0, -50.0)
 Point(50.0, 50.0)

To draw a box/rectangle with rounded corners, supply one or four values for corner radius.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 250, "../assets/figures/round-rect-1.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
setline(6)
sethue("black") # hide
box(O, 200, 150, 10, :stroke) # 1 value for all corners
sethue("purple")
box(O, 260, 220, [0, 15, 40, 80], :stroke) # different for each
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Or you could smooth the sharp corners of a box, like so:

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 250, "../assets/figures/round-rect.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(4)
polysmooth(box(O, 200, 150, vertices=true), 10, :stroke)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

The squircle function makes nicer shapes.

Triangles, pentagons, and regular polygons

For regular polygons, pentagons, and so on, see the section on Polygons and paths.

Circles and ellipses

There are various ways to make circles, including by center and radius, or passing through two or three points:

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 200, "../assets/figures/circles.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide

origin() # hide
setline(3) # hide
sethue("black")
p1 = Point(0, -50)
p2 = Point(100, 0)
p3 = Point(0, 65)
map(p -> circle(p, 4, :fill), [p1, p2, p3])
sethue("orange")
circle(center3pts(p1, p2, p3)..., :stroke)

sethue("red")
p1 = Point(0, 30)
p2 = Point(20, -40)
p3 = Point(50, 5)
circle.((p1, p2, p3), 3, :stroke)
circle(p1, p2, p3, :stroke)

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

The center3pts function returns the center position and radius of a circle passing through three points:

using Luxor, Random # hide
Drawing(800, 200, "../assets/figures/center3.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
setline(3) # hide
sethue("black")
p1 = Point(0, -50)
p2 = Point(100, 0)
p3 = Point(0, 65)
map(p -> circle(p, 4, :fill), [p1, p2, p3])
sethue("orange")
circle(center3pts(p1, p2, p3)..., :stroke)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

With ellipse you can place ellipses and circles by defining the center point and the width and height.

using Luxor, Random # hide
Drawing(800, 300, "../assets/figures/ellipses.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
fontsize(11) # hide
Random.seed!(1) # hide
origin() # hide
tiles = Tiler(500, 300, 5, 5)
width = 20
height = 25
for (pos, n) in tiles
    global width, height
    randomhue()
    ellipse(pos, width, height, :fill)
    sethue("black")
    label = string(round(width/height, digits=2))
    textcentered(label, pos.x, pos.y + 25)
    width += 2
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

ellipse can also construct polygons that are approximations to ellipses. You supply two focal points and a length which is the sum of the distances of a point on the perimeter to the two focii.

using Luxor, Random # hide
Drawing(800, 220, "../assets/figures/ellipses_1.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide

Random.seed!(42) # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(1) # hide
fontface("Menlo")

f1 = Point(-100, 0)
f2 = Point(100, 0)

circle.([f1, f2], 3, :fill)

epoly = ellipse(f1, f2, 250, vertices=true)
poly(epoly, :stroke,  close=true)

pt = epoly[rand(1:end)]

poly([f1, pt, f2], :stroke)

label("f1", :W, f1, offset=10)
label("f2", :E, f2, offset=10)

label(string(round(distance(f1, pt), digits=1)), :SE, midpoint(f1, pt))
label(string(round(distance(pt, f2), digits=1)), :SW, midpoint(pt, f2))

label("ellipse(f1, f2, 250)", :S, Point(0, 75))

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

The advantage of this method is that there's a vertices=true option, allowing further scope for polygon manipulation.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 450, "../assets/figures/ellipses_2.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
sethue("gray30") # hide
setline(1) # hide
f1 = Point(-100, 0)
f2 = Point(100, 0)
ellipsepoly = ellipse(f1, f2, 170, :none, vertices=true)
[ begin
    setgray(rescale(c, 150, 1, 0, 1))
    poly(offsetpoly(ellipsepoly, c), close=true, :fill);
    rotate(π/20)
  end
     for c in 150:-10:1 ]
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

The ellipseinquad function constructs an ellipse that fits in a four-sided quadrilateral.

pg = ngon(O, 250, 6, π/6, vertices=true)

top = vcat(O, pg[[3, 4, 5]])
left = vcat(O, pg[[1, 2, 3]])
right = vcat(O, pg[[5, 6, 1]])
sethue("red")
poly(top, :fill, close=true)

sethue("green")
poly(left, :fill, close=true)

sethue("blue")
poly(right, :fill, close=true)

sethue("orange")
ellipseinquad.((top, left, right), :fill)

circlepath constructs a circular path from Bézier curves, which allows you to use circles as paths.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 250, "../assets/figures/circle-path.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(4)
tiles = Tiler(600, 250, 1, 5)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    randomhue()
    circlepath(pos, tiles.tilewidth/2, :path)
    newsubpath()
    circlepath(pos, rand(5:tiles.tilewidth/2 - 1), :fill, reversepath=true)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Circles and tangents

Functions to find tangents to circles include:

• pointcircletangent finds a point on a circle that lies on line through another point
• circlecircleoutertangents finds the points that lie on outer tangents to two circles
• circlecircleinnertangents finds the points that lie on inner tangents to two circles
• circletangent2circles makes circles of a particular radius tangential to two circles
• circlepointtangent makes circles of a particular radius passing through a point and tangential to another circle

point = Point(-150, 0)
circlecenter = Point(150, 0)
circleradius = 80

circle.((point, circlecenter), 5, :fill)
circle(circlecenter, circleradius, :stroke)
pt1, pt2 = pointcircletangent(point, circlecenter, circleradius)
circle.((pt1, pt2), 5, :fill)

sethue("grey65")
rule(point, slope(point, pt1))
rule(point, slope(point, pt2))

circle1center = Point(-150, 0)
circle1radius = 60
circle2center = Point(150, 0)
circle2radius = 80

circle.((circle1center, circle2center), 5, :fill)
circle(circle1center, circle1radius, :stroke)
circle(circle2center, circle2radius, :stroke)

p1, p2, p3, p4 = circlecircleoutertangents(
    circle1center, circle1radius,
    circle2center, circle2radius)

sethue("orange")
rule(p1, slope(p1, p2))
rule(p3, slope(p3, p4))

Finding the inner tangents requires a separate function.

circle1center = Point(-150, 0)
circle1radius = 60
circle2center = Point(150, 0)
circle2radius = 80

circle.((circle1center, circle2center), 5, :fill)
circle(circle1center, circle1radius, :stroke)
circle(circle2center, circle2radius, :stroke)

p1, p2, p3, p4 = circlecircleinnertangents(
    circle1center, circle1radius,
    circle2center, circle2radius)

label.(("p1", "p2", "p3", "p4"), :n, (p1, p2, p3, p4))
sethue("orange")
rule(p1, slope(p1, p2))
rule(p3, slope(p3, p4))

sethue("purple")
circle.((p1, p2, p3, p4), 3, :fill)

circletangent2circles takes the required radius and two existing circles:

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 250, "../assets/figures/circle-tangents.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(1) # hide

circle1 = (Point(-100, 0), 90)
circle(circle1..., :stroke)
circle2 = (Point(100, 0), 90)
circle(circle2..., :stroke)

requiredradius = 25
ncandidates, p1, p2 = circletangent2circles(requiredradius, circle1..., circle2...)

if ncandidates==2
    sethue("orange")
    circle(p1, requiredradius, :fill)
    sethue("green")
    circle(p2, requiredradius, :fill)
    sethue("purple")
    circle(p1, requiredradius, :stroke)
    circle(p2, requiredradius, :stroke)
end

# the circles are 10 apart, so there should be just one circle
# that fits there

requiredradius = 10
ncandidates, p1, p2 = circletangent2circles(requiredradius, circle1..., circle2...)

if ncandidates==1
    sethue("blue")
    circle(p1, requiredradius, :fill)
    sethue("cyan")
    circle(p1, requiredradius, :stroke)
end

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

circlepointtangent looks for circles of a specified radius that pass through a point and are tangential to a circle. There are usually two candidates.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 250, "../assets/figures/circle-point-tangent.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(1) # hide

circle1 = (Point(-100, 0), 90)
circle(circle1..., :stroke)

requiredradius = 50
requiredpassthrough = O + (80, 0)
ncandidates, p1, p2 = circlepointtangent(requiredpassthrough, requiredradius, circle1...)

if ncandidates==2
    sethue("orange")
    circle(p1, requiredradius, :stroke)
    sethue("green")
    circle(p2, requiredradius, :stroke)
end

sethue("black")
circle(requiredpassthrough, 4, :fill)

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

These last two functions can return 0, 1, or 2 points (since there are often two solutions to a specific geometric layout).

Crescents

Use crescent to construct crescent shapes. There are two methods. The first method allows the two arcs to have the same radius. The second method allows the two arcs to share the same centers.

# method 1: same radius, different centers

sethue("purple")
crescent(Point(-200, 0), 200, Point(-150, 0), 200, :fill)

# method 2: same center, different radii

sethue("orange")
crescent(O, 100, 200, :fill)

Paths and positions

A path is a sequence of lines and curves. You can add lines and curves to the current path, then use closepath to join the last point to the first.

A path can have subpaths, created withnewsubpath, which can form holes.

There is a 'current position' which you can set with move, and can use implicitly in functions like line, rline, rmove, text, newpath, closepath, arc, and curve.

There is a current point. Use currentpoint and hascurrentpoint.

Lines

Use line and rline to draw straight lines. line(pt1, pt2, action) draws a line between two points. line(pt) adds a line to the current path going from the current position to the point. rline(pt) adds a line relative to the current position.

You can use rule to draw a horizontal line through a point. Supply an angle for lines at an angle to the current x-axis.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 200, "../assets/figures/rule.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(0.5) # hide
y = 10
for x in 10 .^ range(0, length=100, stop=3)
    global y
    circle(Point(x, y), 2, :fill)
    rule(Point(x, y), -π/2, boundingbox=BoundingBox(centered=false))
    y += 2
end

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Use the boundingbox keyword argument to crop the ruled lines with a BoundingBox.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 200, "../assets/figures/rulebbox.png") # hide
origin()
background("antiquewhite") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(0.75) # hide
box(BoundingBox() * 0.9, :stroke)
for x in 10 .^ range(0, length=100, stop=3)
    rule(Point(x, 0), π/2,  boundingbox=BoundingBox() * 0.9)
    rule(Point(-x, 0), π/2, boundingbox=BoundingBox() * 0.9)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Arrows

You can draw lines, arcs, and curves with arrows at the end with arrow.

For straight arrows, supply the start and end points. For arrows as circular arcs, you provide center, radius, and start and finish angles. You can optionally provide dimensions for the arrowheadlength and arrowheadangle of the tip of the arrow (angle in radians between side and center). The default line weight is 1.0, equivalent to setline(1)), but you can specify another.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 250, "../assets/figures/arrow.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
sethue("steelblue4") # hide
setline(2) # hide
arrow(Point(0, 0), Point(0, -65))
arrow(Point(0, 0), Point(100, -65), arrowheadlength=20, arrowheadangle=pi/4, linewidth=.3)
arrow(Point(0, 0), 100, π, π/2, arrowheadlength=25,   arrowheadangle=pi/12, linewidth=1.25)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

If you provide four points, you can draw a Bézier curve with optional arrowheads at each end. Use the various options to control their presence and appearance.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 400, "../assets/figures/arrowbezier.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
setline(2) # hide
pts = ngon(Point(0, 0), 100, 8, vertices=true)
sethue("mediumvioletred")
arrow(pts[2:5]..., :stroke, startarrow=false, finisharrow=true)
sethue("cyan4")
arrow(pts[3:6]..., startarrow=true, finisharrow=true)
sethue("midnightblue")
arrow(pts[[4, 2, 6, 8]]..., :stroke,
    startarrow=true,
    finisharrow=true,
    arrowheadangle = π/6,
    arrowheadlength = 35,
    linewidth  = 1.5)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Decoration

The arrow functions allow you to specify decorations - graphics at one or more points somewhere along the shaft. For example, say you want to draw a number and a circle at the midpoint of an arrow's shaft, you can define a function that draws text t in a circle of radius r like this:

function marker(r, t)
    @layer begin
        sethue("purple")
        circle(Point(0, 0), r,  :fill)
        sethue("white")
        fontsize(30)
        text(string(t), halign=:center, valign=:middle)
    end
end

and then pass this to the decorate keyword argument of arrow. By default, the graphics origin when the function is called is placed at the midpoint (0.5) of the arrow's shaft.

pts = ngon(Point(0, 0), 100, 5, vertices=true)

sethue("mediumvioletred")

# using an anonymous function
arrow(pts[1:4]..., decorate = () -> marker(10, 3))

sethue("olivedrab")

# no arrow, just a graphic, at 0.75
arrow(pts[1:4]...,
    decorate = () ->
        ngon(Point(0, 0), 20, 4, 0, :fill),
    decoration = 0.75, :none)

Use the decoration keyword to specify one or more locations other than the default 0.5.

The graphics environment provided by the decorate function is centered at each decoration point in turn, and rotated to the slope of the shaft at that point.

using Luxor

function fletcher()
    line(O, polar(30, deg2rad(220)), :stroke)
    line(O, polar(30, deg2rad(140)), :stroke)
end

@drawsvg begin
    background("antiquewhite")
        arrow(O, 150, 0, π + π/3,
            linewidth=5,
            arrowheadlength=50,
            decorate=fletcher,
            decoration=range(0., .1, length=3))
end 800 350

Custom arrowheads

To make custom arrowheads, you can define a three-argument function that draws them to your own design. This function takes:

• the point at the end of the arrow's shaft

• the point where the tip of the arrowhead would be

• the angle of the shaft at the end

You can then use any code to draw the arrow. Pass this function to the arrow function's arrowheadfunction keyword.

function redbluearrow(shaftendpoint, endpoint, shaftangle)
    @layer begin
        sethue("red")
        sidept1 = shaftendpoint  + polar(10, shaftangle + π/2 )
        sidept2 = shaftendpoint  - polar(10, shaftangle + π/2)
        poly([sidept1, endpoint, sidept2], :fill)
        sethue("blue")
        poly([sidept1, endpoint, sidept2], :stroke, close=false)
    end
end

@drawsvg begin
    background("antiquewhite")
    arrow(O, O + (120, 120),
        linewidth=4,
        arrowheadlength=40,
        arrowheadangle=π/7,
        arrowheadfunction = redbluearrow)

    arrow(O, 100, 3π/2, π,
        linewidth=4,
        arrowheadlength=20,
        clockwise=false,arrowheadfunction=redbluearrow)
end 800 250

Arcs and curves

There are a few standard arc-drawing commands, such as curve, arc, carc, and arc2r. Because these are often used when building complex paths, they usually add arc sections to the current path. To construct a sequence of lines and arcs, use the :path action, followed by a final :stroke or similar.

curve constructs Bézier curves from control points:

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 275, "../assets/figures/curve.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide

sethue("black") # hide

setline(.5)
pt1 = Point(0, -125)
pt2 = Point(200, 125)
pt3 = Point(200, -125)

label.(string.(["O", "control point 1", "control point 2", "control point 3"]),
    :e,
    [O, pt1, pt2, pt3])

sethue("red")
map(p -> circle(p, 4, :fill), [O, pt1, pt2, pt3])

line(Point(0, 0), pt1, :stroke)
line(pt2, pt3, :stroke)

sethue("black")
setline(3)

# start a path
move(Point(0, 0))
curve(pt1, pt2, pt3) #  add to current path
strokepath()

finish()  # hide
nothing # hide

arc2r draws a circular arc centered at a point that passes through two other points:

using Luxor, Random # hide
Drawing(800, 200, "../assets/figures/arc2r.png") # hide
origin() # hide
Random.seed!(42) # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
tiles = Tiler(700, 200, 1, 6)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    c1, pt2, pt3 = ngon(pos, rand(10:50), 3, rand(0:pi/12:2pi), vertices=true)
    sethue("black")
    map(pt -> circle(pt, 4, :fill), [c1, pt3])
    sethue("red")
    circle(pt2, 4, :fill)
    randomhue()
    arc2r(c1, pt2, pt3, :stroke)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

arc2sagitta and carc2sagitta make circular arcs based on two points and the sagitta.

using Luxor, Colors # hide
Drawing(800, 250, "../assets/figures/arc2sagitta.svg") # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
setline(.5) # hide
translate(0, 50) # hide
pt1 = Point(-100, 0)
pt2 = Point(100, 0)
for n in reverse(range(1, length=7, stop=120))
    sethue("red")
    rule(Point(0, -n))
    sethue(LCHab(70, 80, rescale(n, 120, 1, 0, 359)))
    pt, r = arc2sagitta(pt1, pt2, n, :fillpreserve)
    sethue("black")
    strokepath()
    text(string(round(n)), O + (120, -n))
end
circle.((pt1, pt2), 5, :fill)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

More curved shapes: sectors, spirals, and squircles

A sector (technically an "annular sector") has an inner and outer radius, as well as start and end angles.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 200, "../assets/figures/sector.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
sethue("tomato")
sector(50, 90, π/2, 0, :fill)
sethue("olive")
sector(Point(O.x + 200, O.y), 50, 90, 0, π/2, :fill)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

You can also supply a value for a corner radius. The same sector is drawn but with rounded corners.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 200, "../assets/figures/sectorrounded.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
sethue("tomato")
sector(50, 90, π/2, 0, 15, :fill)
sethue("olive")
sector(Point(O.x + 200, O.y), 50, 90, 0, π/2, 15, :fill)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

A pie (or wedge) has start and end angles.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 300, "../assets/figures/pie.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
sethue("magenta") # hide
pie(0, 0, 100, π/2, π, :fill)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

To construct spirals, use the spiral function. These can be drawn directly, or used as polygons. The default is to draw Archimedean (non-logarithmic) spirals.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 300, "../assets/figures/spiral.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(.5) # hide
fontface("Avenir-Heavy") # hide
fontsize(15) # hide

spiraldata = [
  (-2, "Lituus",      50),
  (-1, "Hyperbolic", 100),
  ( 1, "Archimedes",   1),
  ( 2, "Fermat",       5)]

grid = GridRect(O - (200, 0), 130, 50)

for aspiral in spiraldata
    @layer begin
        translate(nextgridpoint(grid))
        spiral(last(aspiral), first(aspiral), period=20π, :stroke)
        label(aspiral[2], :S, offset=100)
    end
end

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Use the log=true option to draw logarithmic (Bernoulli or Fibonacci) spirals.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 400, "../assets/figures/spiral-log.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
setline(.5) # hide
sethue("black") # hide
fontface("Avenir-Heavy") # hide
fontsize(15) # hide

spiraldata = [
    (10,  0.05),
    (4,   0.10),
    (0.5, 0.17)]

grid = GridRect(O - (200, 0), 175, 50)
for aspiral in spiraldata
    @layer begin
        translate(nextgridpoint(grid))
        spiral(first(aspiral), last(aspiral), log=true, period=10π, :stroke)
        label(string(aspiral), :S, offset=100)
    end
end

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Modify the stepby and period parameters to taste, or collect the vertices for further processing.

A squircle is a cross between a square and a circle. You can adjust the squariness and circularity of it to taste by supplying a value for the root (keyword rt):

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 250, "../assets/figures/squircle.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
fontsize(20) # hide
setline(2)
tiles = Tiler(600, 250, 1, 3)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    sethue("lavender")
    squircle(pos, 80, 80, rt=[0.3, 0.5, 0.7][n], :fillpreserve)
    sethue("grey20")
    strokepath()
    textcentered("rt = $([0.3, 0.5, 0.7][n])", pos)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Stars and crosses

Use star to make a star. You can draw it immediately, or use the points it can create.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 300, "../assets/figures/stars.png") # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
origin() # hide
tiles = Tiler(400, 300, 4, 6, margin=5)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    randomhue()
    star(pos, tiles.tilewidth/3, rand(3:8), 0.5, 0, :fill)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

The ratio determines the length of the inner radius compared with the outer.

tiles = Tiler(800, 250, 1, 6, margin=10)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    s = star(pos, tiles.tilewidth/2, 5, 1/n, 0, :stroke)
    l2 = distance(pos, s[1])
    l1 = distance(pos, s[2])
    text(string(round(l1/l2, digits=2)), pos, halign=:center)
end

Use polycross to draw a cross-shaped polygon.

tiles = Tiler(600, 600, 4, 4, margin=10)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    randomhue()
    polycross(pos, min(tiles.tileheight/3, tiles.tilewidth/3),
        n + 2, # number of points
        rescale(n, 1, length(tiles), 0.9, 0.1), # ratio
        0, # orientation
        :fill)
end

Julia logos

A couple of functions in Luxor provide you with instant access to the Julia logo, and the three colored circles:

using Luxor, Random # hide
Drawing(800, 300, "../assets/figures/julia-logo.png")  # hide
Random.seed!(42) # hide
origin()  # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide

cells = Table([300], [350, 350])

@layer begin
    translate(cells[1])
    translate(-165, -114)
    rulers()
    julialogo()
end

@layer begin
    translate(cells[2])
    translate(-165, -114)
    rulers()
    julialogo(action=:clip)
    for i in 1:500
        @layer begin
            translate(rand(0:400), rand(0:250))
            juliacircles(10)
        end
    end
    clipreset()
    end

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Hypotrochoids

hypotrochoid makes hypotrochoids. The result is a polygon. You can either draw it directly, or pass it on for further polygon fun, as here, which uses offsetpoly to trace round it a few times.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 300, "../assets/figures/hypotrochoid.png")  # hide
origin()
background("grey15")
sethue("antiquewhite")
setline(1)
p = hypotrochoid(100, 25, 55, :stroke, stepby=0.01, vertices=true)
for i in 0:3:15
    poly(offsetpoly(p, i), :stroke, close=true)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

There's a matching epitrochoid function.

Ticks

The tickline function lets you divide the space between two points by drawing ‘ticks’, short parallel lines positioned equidistant between the two points.

In its simplest form the function can used to draw basic number lines, complete with automatic text labels.

background("antiquewhite")

# major defaults to 1
tickline(Point(-350, -100), Point(350, -100))

# three major ticks inserted
tickline(Point(-350, 0), Point(350, 0),
    major=3,
    startnumber=0, finishnumber=100)

# four minor ticks inserted between each major
tickline(Point(-350, 100), Point(350, 100), major=3, minor=4)

The function returns the positions of the generated ticks in two arrays of points - the locations of the major and minor ticks.

The spaced positions (linear or logarithmic) are useful even when you switch off the display of text using vertices=true, which just returns vertices.

# no axis
tickline(Point(-350, -100), Point(350, -100), minor=9, axis=false)

# logarithmic
majticks, minticks = tickline(Point(-350, 0), Point(350, 0),
    major=9,
    startnumber=1,
    finishnumber=10,
    log=true,
    vertices=false)

# just the vertices
majticks, minticks = tickline(Point(-350, 100), Point(350, 100),
    major=9,
    minor=4,
    log=true,
    axis=false,
    vertices=true)
circle.(majticks, 5, :fill)
box.(minticks, 1, 25, :fill)

You can pass a function that generates custom graphics and text for each tick.

function color_temp(n, pos;
          startnumber  = 0,
          finishnumber = 1,
          nticks = 1)
    k = rescale(n, 0, nticks - 1, startnumber, finishnumber)
    sethue(RGB(colormatch(k)))
    circle(pos, 20, :fillpreserve)
    sethue("white")
    strokepath()
    text("$(convert(Int, floor(k))) nm", pos - (0, 30), halign=:left, angle=-π/4)
end

tickline(Point(-350, 0), Point(350, 0),
    startnumber=350,
    finishnumber=750,
    major=10,
    major_tick_function=color_temp)

Sometimes you just want a sequence of spaced points.

_, minticks = tickline(Point(-400, 0), Point(260, 0),
        major=0, minor=40,
        log=true,
        axis=false,
        vertices=true)

for (n, pt) in enumerate(minticks)
    k = rescale(n, 1, length(minticks), 0, 1)
    sethue(LCHab(60, 100, 360k))
    setline(1/k)
    wave = [pt + Point(120k * sin(y), 600/2π * y) for y in -π:π/20:π]
    poly(wave, :stroke)
end

Cropmarks

If you want cropmarks (aka trim marks), use the cropmarks function, supplying the centerpoint, followed by the width and height:

cropmarks(O, 1200, 1600)
cropmarks(O, paper_sizes["A0"]...)

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 250, "../assets/figures/cropmarks.png")  # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
sethue("red")
box(O, 150, 150, :stroke)
cropmarks(O, 150, 150)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Dimensioning

Simple dimensioning graphics can be generated with dimension. To convert from the default unit (PostScript points), or to modify the dimensioning text, supply a function to the format keyword argument.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 350, "../assets/figures/dimensioning.svg")  # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
setline(0.75)
sethue("purple")
pentagon = ngonside(O, 120, 5, vertices=true)
poly(pentagon, :stroke, close=true)
circle.(pentagon, 2, :fill)
fontsize(6)
label.(split("12345", ""), :NE, pentagon)
fontface("Menlo")
fontsize(10)
sethue("grey30")

dimension(O, pentagon[4],
    fromextension = [0, 0])

dimension(pentagon[1], pentagon[2],
    offset        = -60,
    fromextension = [20, 50],
    toextension   = [20, 50],
    textrotation  = 2π/5,
    textgap       = 20,
    format        = (d) -> string(round(d, digits=4), "pts"))

dimension(pentagon[2], pentagon[3],
     offset        = -40,
     format        =  string)

dimension(pentagon[5], Point(pentagon[5].x, pentagon[4].y),
    offset        = 60,
    format        = (d) -> string("approximately ",round(d, digits=4)),
    fromextension = [5, 5],
    toextension   = [80, 5])

dimension(pentagon[1], midpoint(pentagon[1], pentagon[5]),
    offset               = 70,
    fromextension        = [65, -5],
    toextension          = [65, -5],
    texthorizontaloffset = -5,
    arrowheadlength      = 5,
    format               = (d) ->
        begin
            if isapprox(d, 60.0)
                string("exactly ", round(d, digits=4), "pts")
            else
                string("≈ ", round(d, digits=4), "pts")
            end
        end)

dimension(pentagon[1], pentagon[5],
    offset               = 120,
    fromextension        = [5, 5],
    toextension          = [115, 5],
    textverticaloffset   = 0.5,
    texthorizontaloffset = 0,
    textgap              = 5)

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Barcharts

For simple barcharts, use the barchart function, supplying an array of numbers:

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(800, 420, "../assets/figures/bars.png")  # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
fontsize(7)
sethue("black")
v = rand(-100:100, 25)
barchart(v, labels=true)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

To change the way the bars and labels are drawn, define some functions and pass them as keyword arguments:

using Luxor, Colors, Random # hide
Drawing(800, 450, "../assets/figures/bars1.png")  # hide

Random.seed!(2) # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide
setopacity(0.8) # hide
fontsize(8) # hide
fontface("Helvetica-Bold") # hide
sethue("black") # hide

function mybarfunction(values, i, low, high, barwidth, scaledvalue)
    @layer begin
        extremes = extrema(values)
        sethue(Colors.HSB(rescale(values[i], extremes[1], extremes[2], 0, 360), 1.0, 0.5))
        csize = rescale(values[i], extremes[1], extremes[2], 5, 15)
        circle(high, csize, :fill)
        setline(1)
        sethue("blue")
        line(low, high, :stroke)
        sethue("white")
        text(string(values[i]), high, halign=:center, valign=:middle)
    end
end

function mylabelfunction(values, i, low, high, barwidth, scaledvalue)
    @layer begin
        translate(low)
        text(string(values[i]), O + (0, 10), halign=:center, valign=:middle)
    end
end

v = rand(1:100, 15)

bbox = BoundingBox() * 0.8
box(bbox, :clip)
p = barchart(v, boundingbox=bbox, barfunction=mybarfunction, labelfunction=mylabelfunction)

rule(p[1])

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Box maps

The boxmap function divides a rectangular area into a sorted arrangement of smaller boxes or tiles based on the values of elements in an array.

This example uses the Fibonacci sequence to determine the area of the boxes. Notice that the values are sorted in reverse, and are scaled to fit in the available area.

You specify the top left corner of the graphic, the width, and the height.

using Luxor, Colors, Random # hide
Drawing(800, 450, "../assets/figures/boxmap.png")  # hide
Random.seed!(13) # hide
origin() # hide
background("antiquewhite") # hide

fib = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144]

# make a boxmap and store the tiles
tiles = boxmap(fib, BoundingBox()[1], 800, 450)

for (n, t) in enumerate(tiles)
    randomhue()
    bb = BoundingBox(t)
    sethue("black")
    box(bb - 5, :stroke)

    randomhue()
    box(bb - 8, :fill)

    # text labels
    sethue("white")

    # rescale text to fit better
    fontsize(boxwidth(bb) > boxheight(bb) ? boxheight(bb)/4 : boxwidth(bb)/4)
    text(string(sort(fib, rev=true)[n]),
        midpoint(bb[1], bb[2]),
        halign=:center,
            valign=:middle)
end

finish() # hide
nothing # hide