NMFk: Nonnegative Matrix Factorization + k-means clustering and physics constraints

nmfk

NMFk is a novel unsupervised machine learning methodology which allows for automatic identification of the optimal number of features (signals/signatures) present in the data. Classical NMF approaches do not allow for automatic estimation of the number of features.

NMFk estimates the number of features k through k-means clustering coupled with regularization constraints (physical, mathematical, etc.).

NMFk can be applied to perform:

  • Feature extraction (FE)
  • Blind source separation (BSS)
  • Detection of disruptions / anomalies
  • Image recognition
  • Text mining
  • Data classification
  • Separation of (physics) processes
  • Discovery of unknown dependencies and phenomena
  • Development of reduced-order/surrogate models
  • Identification of dependencies between model inputs and outputs
  • Guiding development of physics models representing the ML analyzed data
  • Blind predictions
  • Optimization of data acquisition (optimal experimental design)
  • Labeling of datasets for supervised ML analyses

NMFk provides high-performance computing capabilities to solve problems with Shared and Distributed Arrays in parallel. The parallelization allows for utilization of multi-core / multi-processor environments. GPU and TPU accelerations are available through existing Julia packages.

NMFk provides advanced tools for visualization, pre- and post-processing. These tools substantially facilitate utilization of the package in various real-world applications.

NMFk methodology and applications are discussed in the research papers and presentations listed below.

NMFk is demonstrated with a series of examples and test problems provided here.

NMFk is one of the tools in the SmartTensors ML framework (smarttensors.github.io).

SmartTensors

Installation

After starting Julia, execute:

import Pkg; Pkg.add("NMFk")

to access the latest released version. To utilize the latest updates (commits) use:

import Pkg; Pkg.add(Pkg.PackageSpec(name="NMFk", rev="master"))

Docker

docker run --interactive --tty montyvesselinov/tensors

The docker image provides access to all SmartTensors packages (smarttensors.github.io).

Testing

Pkg.test("NMFk")

Examples

A simple problem demonstrating NMFk can be executed as follows. First, generate 3 random signals in a matrix W:

a = rand(15)
b = rand(15)
c = rand(15)
W = [a b c]

Then, mix the signals to produce a data matrix X of 5 sensors observing the mixed signals as follows:

X = [a+c*3 a*10+b b b*5+c a+b*2+c*5]

This is equivalent to generating a mixing matrix H and obtain X by multiplying W and H

H = [1 10 0 0 1; 0 1 1 5 2; 3 0 0 1 5]
X = W * H

After that execute, NMFk to estimate the number of unknown mixed signals based only on the information in X.

import NMFk
We, He, fitquality, robustness, aic, kopt = NMFk.execute(X, 2:5; save=false, method=:simple);

The execution will produce output like this:

[ Info: Results
Signals:  2 Fit:       15.489 Silhouette:    0.9980145 AIC:    -38.30184
Signals:  3 Fit: 3.452203e-07 Silhouette:    0.8540085 AIC:    -1319.743
Signals:  4 Fit: 8.503988e-07 Silhouette:   -0.5775127 AIC:    -1212.129
Signals:  5 Fit: 2.598571e-05 Silhouette:   -0.6757581 AIC:    -915.6589
[ Info: Optimal solution: 3 signals

The code returns the estimated optimal number of signals kopt which in this case as expected is equal to 3.

The code returns the fitquality and robustness; they can appied to represent how the solutions change with the increase of k:

NMFk.plot_signal_selecton(2:5, fitquality, robustness)
signal_selection

The code also returns estimates of matrices W and H.

It can be easily verified that estimated We[kopt] and He[kopt] are scaled versions of the original W and H matrices.

Note that the order of columns ('signals') in W and We[kopt] are not expected to match. Also note that the order of rows ('sensors') in H and He[kopt] are also not expected to match. The estimated orders will be different every time the code is executed.

For example, the matrices can be visualized using:

import Pkg; Pkg.add("Mads")
import Mads
Mads.plotseries([a b c])
Mads.plotseries(We[kopt] ./ maximum(We[kopt]))

NMFk.plotmatrix(H)
NMFk.plotmatrix(He[kopt] ./ maximum(He[kopt]))

More examples can be found the in the test, demo, examples and notebooks directories of the NMFk repository.

Applications:

NMFk has been applied in a wide range of real-world applications. The analyzed datasets include model outputs, laboratory experimental data, and field tests:

  • Climate modeling
  • Watershed modeling
  • Aquifer modeling
  • Surface-water and Groundwater analyses
  • Material characterization
  • Reactive mixing
  • Molecular dynamics
  • Contaminant transport
  • Induced seismicity
  • Phase separation of co-polymers
  • Oil / Gas extraction from unconventional reservoirs
  • Geothermal exploration
  • Geologic carbon storages
  • Wild fires

Videos:

  • Progress of nonnegative matrix factorization process:
nmfk-example

Videos are also available at YouTube

Notebooks:

A series of Jupyter notebooks demonstrating NMFk have been developed:

The notebooks can be accessed also as:

Pkg.add("IJulia")
import IJulia
IJulia.notebook(; dir=joinpath(NMFk.nmfkdir, "notebooks"), detached=true)

Other Examples:

Patent:

Alexandrov, B.S., Vesselinov, V.V., Alexandrov, L.B., Stanev, V., Iliev, F.L., Source identification by non-negative matrix factorization combined with semi-supervised clustering, US20180060758A1

Publications:

  • Vesselinov, V.V., Mudunuru, M., Karra, S., O'Malley, D., Alexandrov, B.S., Unsupervised Machine Learning Based on Non-Negative Tensor Factorization for Analyzing Reactive-Mixing, 10.1016/j.jcp.2019.05.039, Journal of Computational Physics, 2019. PDF
  • Vesselinov, V.V., Alexandrov, B.S., O'Malley, D., Nonnegative Tensor Factorization for Contaminant Source Identification, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.11.010, 2018. PDF
  • O'Malley, D., Vesselinov, V.V., Alexandrov, B.S., Alexandrov, L.B., Nonnegative/binary matrix factorization with a D-Wave quantum annealer, PlosOne, 10.1371/journal.pone.0206653, 2018. PDF
  • Stanev, V., Vesselinov, V.V., Kusne, A.G., Antoszewski, G., Takeuchi,I., Alexandrov, B.A., Unsupervised Phase Mapping of X-ray Diffraction Data by Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Integrated with Custom Clustering, Nature Computational Materials, 10.1038/s41524-018-0099-2, 2018. PDF
  • Iliev, F.L., Stanev, V.G., Vesselinov, V.V., Alexandrov, B.S., Nonnegative Matrix Factorization for identification of unknown number of sources emitting delayed signals PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0193974. 2018. PDF
  • Stanev, V.G., Iliev, F.L., Hansen, S.K., Vesselinov, V.V., Alexandrov, B.S., Identification of the release sources in advection-diffusion system by machine learning combined with Green function inverse method, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 10.1016/j.apm.2018.03.006, 2018. PDF
  • Vesselinov, V.V., O'Malley, D., Alexandrov, B.S., Contaminant source identification using semi-supervised machine learning, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.11.002, 2017. PDF
  • Alexandrov, B., Vesselinov, V.V., Blind source separation for groundwater level analysis based on non-negative matrix factorization, Water Resources Research, 10.1002/2013WR015037, 2014. PDF

Research papers are also available at Google Scholar, ResearchGate and Academia.edu

Presentations:

  • Vesselinov, V.V., Physics-Informed Machine Learning Methods for Data Analytics and Model Diagnostics, M3 NASA DRIVE Workshop, Los Alamos, 2019. PDF
  • Vesselinov, V.V., Unsupervised Machine Learning Methods for Feature Extraction, New Mexico Big Data & Analytics Summit, Albuquerque, 2019. PDF
  • Vesselinov, V.V., Novel Unsupervised Machine Learning Methods for Data Analytics and Model Diagnostics, Machine Learning in Solid Earth Geoscience, Santa Fe, 2019. PDF
  • Vesselinov, V.V., Novel Machine Learning Methods for Extraction of Features Characterizing Datasets and Models, AGU Fall meeting, Washington D.C., 2018. PDF
  • Vesselinov, V.V., Novel Machine Learning Methods for Extraction of Features Characterizing Complex Datasets and Models, Recent Advances in Machine Learning and Computational Methods for Geoscience, Institute for Mathematics and its Applications, University of Minnesota, 10.13140/RG.2.2.16024.03848, 2018. PDF
  • Vesselinov, V.V., Mudunuru. M., Karra, S., O'Malley, D., Alexandrov, Unsupervised Machine Learning Based on Non-negative Tensor Factorization for Analysis of Filed Data and Simulation Outputs, Computational Methods in Water Resources (CMWR), Saint-Malo, France, 10.13140/RG.2.2.27777.92005, 2018. PDF
  • O'Malley, D., Vesselinov, V.V., Alexandrov, B.S., Alexandrov, L.B., Nonnegative/binary matrix factorization with a D-Wave quantum annealer PDF
  • Vesselinov, V.V., Alexandrov, B.A, Model-free Source Identification, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 2014. PDF

Presentations are also available at slideshare.net, ResearchGate and Academia.edu

Extra information

For more information, visit monty.gitlab.io, smarttensors.github.io, and tensors.lanl.gov

Installation behind a firewall

Julia uses git for package management. Add in the .gitconfig file in your home directory:

[url "git@github.com:"]
    insteadOf = https://github.com/
[url "git@gitlab.com:"]
    insteadOf = https://gitlab.com/
[url "https://"]
    insteadOf = git://
[url "http://"]
    insteadOf = git://

or execute:

git config --global url."https://".insteadOf git://
git config --global url."http://".insteadOf git://
git config --global url."git@gitlab.com:".insteadOf https://gitlab.com/
git config --global url."git@github.com:".insteadOf https://github.com/

To resolve "Private key location for 'git@github.com'" julia message, execute:

ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa

Julia uses git and curl to install packages. Set proxies:

export ftp_proxy=http://proxyout.<your_site>:8080
export rsync_proxy=http://proxyout.<your_site>:8080
export http_proxy=http://proxyout.<your_site>:8080
export https_proxy=http://proxyout.<your_site>:8080
export no_proxy=.<your_site>

For example, if you are doing this at LANL, you will need to execute the following lines in your bash command-line environment:

export ftp_proxy=http://proxyout.lanl.gov:8080
export rsync_proxy=http://proxyout.lanl.gov:8080
export http_proxy=http://proxyout.lanl.gov:8080
export https_proxy=http://proxyout.lanl.gov:8080
export no_proxy=.lanl.gov

Proxies can be also set up directly in the Julia REPL as well:

ENV["ftp_proxy"] =  "http://proxyout.lanl.gov:8080"
ENV["rsync_proxy"] = "http://proxyout.lanl.gov:8080"
ENV["http_proxy"] = "http://proxyout.lanl.gov:8080"
ENV["https_proxy"] = "http://proxyout.lanl.gov:8080"
ENV["no_proxy"] = ".lanl.gov"

To disable proxies, type these commands in the Julia REPL:

ENV["ftp_proxy"] =  ""
ENV["rsync_proxy"] = ""
ENV["http_proxy"] = ""
ENV["https_proxy"] = ""
ENV["no_proxy"] = ""