Simple graphics

In Luxor, there are different ways of working with graphical items. You can either draw them immediately (ie place them on the drawing, and they're then fixed). Or you can construct geometric objects as lists of points for further processing. Watch out for a vertices=true option, which returns coordinate data rather than draws a shape.

Rectangles and boxes

The simple rectangle and box shapes can be made in different ways.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(400, 220, "assets/figures/basicrects.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
rulers()
sethue("red")
rect(Point(0, 0), 100, 100, :stroke)
sethue("blue")
box(Point(0, 0), 100, 100, :stroke)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

rect vs box

rect() rectangles are positioned by a corner, but a box made with box() can either be defined by its center and dimensions, or by two opposite corners.

rects

If you want the coordinates of the corners of a box, rather than draw one immediately, use:

box(centerpoint, width, height, vertices=true)

box(corner1,  corner2, vertices=true)

box is also able to draw some of the other Luxor objects, such as BoundingBoxes and Table cells.

Luxor.rect — Function

rect(xmin, ymin, w, h, action)

Create a rectangle with one corner at (xmin/ymin) with width w and height h and then do an action.

See box() for more ways to do similar things, such as supplying two opposite corners, placing by centerpoint and dimensions.

rect(cornerpoint, w, h, action;
    vertices=false)

Create a rectangle with one corner at cornerpoint with width w and height h and do an action.

Use vertices=true to return an array of the four corner points: bottom left, top left, top right, bottom right.

Luxor.box — Function

box(cornerpoint1, cornerpoint2, action=:none;
    vertices=false)

Create a box (rectangle) between two points and do an action.

Use vertices=true to return an array of the four corner points: bottom left, top left, top right, bottom right.

box(points::Array, action=:none)

Create a box/rectangle using the first two points of an array of Points to defined opposite corners.

Use vertices=true to return an array of the four corner points: bottom left, top left, top right, bottom right.

box(pt::Point, width, height, action=:none; vertices=false)

Create a box/rectangle centered at point pt with width and height. Use vertices=true to return an array of the four corner points rather than draw the box.

box(x, y, width, height, action=:none)

Create a box/rectangle centered at point x/y with width and height.

box(pt, width, height, cornerradius, action=:none)

Draw a box/rectangle centered at point pt with width and height and round each corner by cornerradius.

box(bbox::BoundingBox, :action;
        vertices=false)

Make a box using the bounds in bbox.

Use vertices=true to return an array of the four corner points: bottom left, top left, top right, bottom right.

box(tiles::Tiler, n::T where T <: Integer, action::Symbol=:none;
    vertices=false)

Draw a box in tile n of tiles tiles.

box(t::Table, r::T, c::T, action::Symbol=:none) where T <: Integer

Draw a box in table t at row r and column c.

box(t::Table, cellnumber::Int, action::Symbol=:none; vertices=false)

Draw box cellnumber in table t.

box(tile::BoxmapTile, action::Symbol=:none; vertices=false)

Use a Boxmaptile to make or draw a rectangular box. Use vertices=true to obtain the coordinates.

Create boxmaps using boxmap().

box() also returns the coordinates of the corners.

box(Point(0, 0), 100, 100, :none)

4-element Array{Point,1}:
 Point(-50.0, 50.0)
 Point(-50.0, -50.0)
 Point(50.0, -50.0)
 Point(50.0, 50.0)

For regular polygons, pentagons, and so on, see the next section on Polygons.

Circles and ellipses

There are various ways to make circles, including by center and radius, or passing through two or three points:

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(400, 200, "assets/figures/circles.png") # hide
background("white") # hide

origin() # hide
setline(3) # hide
sethue("black")
p1 = Point(0, -50)
p2 = Point(100, 0)
p3 = Point(0, 65)
map(p -> circle(p, 4, :fill), [p1, p2, p3])
sethue("orange")
circle(center3pts(p1, p2, p3)..., :stroke)

sethue("red")
p1 = Point(0, 30)
p2 = Point(20, -40)
p3 = Point(50, 5)
circle.((p1, p2, p3), 3, :stroke)
circle(p1, p2, p3, :stroke)

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

circles

The center3pts() function returns the center position and radius of a circle passing through three points:

using Luxor, Random # hide
Drawing(400, 200, "assets/figures/center3.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
setline(3) # hide
sethue("black")
p1 = Point(0, -50)
p2 = Point(100, 0)
p3 = Point(0, 65)
map(p -> circle(p, 4, :fill), [p1, p2, p3])
sethue("orange")
circle(center3pts(p1, p2, p3)..., :stroke)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

center and radius of 3 points

Luxor.circle — Function

circle(x, y, r, action=:none)

Make a circle of radius r centered at x/y.

action is one of the actions applied by do_action, defaulting to :none. You can also use ellipse() to draw circles and place them by their centerpoint.

circle(pt, r, action=:none)

Make a circle centered at pt.

circle(pt1::Point, pt2::Point, action=:none)

Make a circle that passes through two points that define the diameter:

circle(pt1::Point, pt2::Point, pt3::Point, action=:none)

Make a circle that passes through three points.

Luxor.center3pts — Function

center3pts(a::Point, b::Point, c::Point)

Find the radius and center point for three points lying on a circle.

returns (centerpoint, radius) of a circle.

If there's no such circle, the function returns (Point(0, 0), 0).

With ellipse() you can place ellipses and circles by defining the center point and the width and height.

using Luxor, Random # hide
Drawing(500, 300, "assets/figures/ellipses.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
fontsize(11) # hide
Random.seed!(1) # hide
origin() # hide
tiles = Tiler(500, 300, 5, 5)
width = 20
height = 25
for (pos, n) in tiles
    global width, height
    randomhue()
    ellipse(pos, width, height, :fill)
    sethue("black")
    label = string(round(width/height, digits=2))
    textcentered(label, pos.x, pos.y + 25)
    width += 2
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

ellipses

ellipse() can also construct polygons that are approximations to ellipses. You supply two focal points and a length which is the sum of the distances of a point on the perimeter to the two focii.

using Luxor, Random # hide
Drawing(400, 220, "assets/figures/ellipses_1.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("white") # hide

Random.seed!(42) # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(1) # hide
fontface("Menlo")

f1 = Point(-100, 0)
f2 = Point(100, 0)

circle.([f1, f2], 3, :fill)

epoly = ellipse(f1, f2, 250, vertices=true)
poly(epoly, :stroke,  close=true)

pt = epoly[rand(1:end)]

poly([f1, pt, f2], :stroke)

label("f1", :W, f1, offset=10)
label("f2", :E, f2, offset=10)

label(string(round(distance(f1, pt), digits=1)), :SE, midpoint(f1, pt))
label(string(round(distance(pt, f2), digits=1)), :SW, midpoint(pt, f2))

label("ellipse(f1, f2, 250)", :S, Point(0, 75))

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

more ellipses

The advantage of this method is that there's a vertices=true option, allowing further scope for polygon manipulation.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(500, 450, "assets/figures/ellipses_2.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("white") # hide
sethue("gray30") # hide
setline(1) # hide
f1 = Point(-100, 0)
f2 = Point(100, 0)
ellipsepoly = ellipse(f1, f2, 170, :none, vertices=true)
[ begin
    setgray(rescale(c, 150, 1, 0, 1))
    poly(offsetpoly(ellipsepoly, c), close=true, :fill);
    rotate(π/20)
  end
     for c in 150:-10:1 ]
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

even more ellipses

Luxor.ellipse — Function

ellipse(xc, yc, w, h, action=:none)

Make an ellipse, centered at xc/yc, fitting in a box of width w and height h.

ellipse(cpt, w, h, action=:none)

Make an ellipse, centered at point c, with width w, and height h.

ellipse(focus1::Point, focus2::Point, k, action=:none;
        stepvalue=pi/100,
        vertices=false,
        reversepath=false)

Build a polygon approximation to an ellipse, given two points and a distance, k, which is the sum of the distances to the focii of any points on the ellipse (or the shortest length of string required to go from one focus to the perimeter and on to the other focus).

ellipse(focus1::Point, focus2::Point, pt::Point, action=:none;
        stepvalue=pi/100,
        vertices=false,
        reversepath=false)

Build a polygon approximation to an ellipse, given two points and a point somewhere on the ellipse.

circlepath() constructs a circular path from Bézier curves, which allows you to use circles as paths.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 250, "assets/figures/circle-path.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("white") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(4)
tiles = Tiler(600, 250, 1, 5)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    randomhue()
    circlepath(pos, tiles.tilewidth/2, :path)
    newsubpath()
    circlepath(pos, rand(5:tiles.tilewidth/2 - 1), :fill, reversepath=true)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

circles as paths

Luxor.circlepath — Function

circlepath(center::Point, radius, action=:none;
    reversepath=false,
    kappa = 0.5522847498307936)

Draw a circle using Bézier curves.

The magic value, kappa, is 4.0 * (sqrt(2.0) - 1.0) / 3.0.

Circles and tangents

Functions to find tangents to circles include:

pointcircletangent() finds a point on a line joining a point and tangent to a circle
circlecircleoutertangents() finds the points that lie on outer tangents to two circles
circlecircleinnertangents() finds the points that lie on inner tangents to two circles
circletangent2circles() makes circles of a particular radius tangential to two circles
circlepointtangent() makes circles of a particular radius passing through a point and tangential to another circle

point = Point(-150, 0)
circlecenter = Point(150, 0)
circleradius = 80

circle.((point, circlecenter), 5, :fill)
circle(circlecenter, circleradius, :stroke)
pt1, pt2 = pointcircletangent(point, circlecenter, circleradius)

sethue("grey65")
rule(point, slope(point, pt1))
rule(point, slope(point, pt2))

point circle tangents

circle1center = Point(-150, 0)
circle1radius = 60
circle2center = Point(150, 0)
circle2radius = 80

circle.((circle1center, circle2center), 5, :fill)
circle(circle1center, circle1radius, :stroke)
circle(circle2center, circle2radius, :stroke)

p1, p2, p3, p4 = circlecircleoutertangents(
    circle1center, circle1radius,
    circle2center, circle2radius)

sethue("orange")
rule(p1, slope(p1, p2))
rule(p3, slope(p3, p4))

circle circle outer tangents

Finding the inner tangents requires a separate function.

circle1center = Point(-150, 0)
circle1radius = 60
circle2center = Point(150, 0)
circle2radius = 80

circle.((circle1center, circle2center), 5, :fill)
circle(circle1center, circle1radius, :stroke)
circle(circle2center, circle2radius, :stroke)

p1, p2, p3, p4 = circlecircleinnertangents(
    circle1center, circle1radius,
    circle2center, circle2radius)

label.(("p1", "p2", "p3", "p4"), :n, (p1, p2, p3, p4))
sethue("orange")
rule(p1, slope(p1, p2))
rule(p3, slope(p3, p4))

sethue("purple")
circle.((p1, p2, p3, p4), 3, :fill)

circle circle inner tangents

circletangent2circles() takes the required radius and two existing circles:

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 250, "assets/figures/circle-tangents.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("white") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(1) # hide

circle1 = (Point(-100, 0), 90)
circle(circle1..., :stroke)
circle2 = (Point(100, 0), 90)
circle(circle2..., :stroke)

requiredradius = 25
ncandidates, p1, p2 = circletangent2circles(requiredradius, circle1..., circle2...)

if ncandidates==2
    sethue("orange")
    circle(p1, requiredradius, :fill)
    sethue("green")
    circle(p2, requiredradius, :fill)
    sethue("purple")
    circle(p1, requiredradius, :stroke)
    circle(p2, requiredradius, :stroke)
end

# the circles are 10 apart, so there should be just one circle
# that fits there

requiredradius = 10
ncandidates, p1, p2 = circletangent2circles(requiredradius, circle1..., circle2...)

if ncandidates==1
    sethue("blue")
    circle(p1, requiredradius, :fill)
    sethue("cyan")
    circle(p1, requiredradius, :stroke)
end

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

circle tangents

circlepointtangent() looks for circles of a specified radius that pass through a point and are tangential to a circle. There are usually two candidates.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 250, "assets/figures/circle-point-tangent.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("white") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(1) # hide

circle1 = (Point(-100, 0), 90)
circle(circle1..., :stroke)

requiredradius = 50
requiredpassthrough = O + (80, 0)
ncandidates, p1, p2 = circlepointtangent(requiredpassthrough, requiredradius, circle1...)

if ncandidates==2
    sethue("orange")
    circle(p1, requiredradius, :stroke)
    sethue("green")
    circle(p2, requiredradius, :stroke)
end

sethue("black")
circle(requiredpassthrough, 4, :fill)

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

circle tangents 2

These last two functions can return 0, 1, or 2 points (since there are often two solutions to a specific geometric layout).

Luxor.pointcircletangent — Function

pointcircletangent(point::Point, circlecenter::Point, circleradius)

Find the two points on a circle that lie on tangent lines passing through an external point.

If both points are O, the external point is inside the circle, and the result is (O, O).

Luxor.circletangent2circles — Function

circletangent2circles(radius, circle1center::Point, circle1radius, circle2center::Point, circle2radius)

Find the centers of up to two circles of radius radius that are tangent to the two circles defined by circle1... and circle2.... These two circles can overlap, but one can't be inside the other.

(0, O, O) - no such circles exist
(1, pt1, O) - 1 circle exists, centered at pt1
(2, pt1, pt2) - 2 circles exist, with centers at pt1 and pt2

(The O are just dummy points so that three values are always returned.)

Luxor.circlepointtangent — Function

circlepointtangent(through::Point, radius, targetcenter::Point, targetradius)

Find the centers of up to two circles of radius radius that pass through point through and are tangential to a circle that has radius targetradius and center targetcenter.

This function returns a tuple:

(0, O, O) - no circles exist
(1, pt1, O) - 1 circle exists, centered at pt1
(2, pt1, pt2) - 2 circles exist, with centers at pt1 and pt2

(The O are just dummy points so that three values are always returned.)

Luxor.circlecircleinnertangents — Function

circlecircleinnertangents(circle1center::Point, circle1radius, circle2center::Point, circle2radius)

Find the inner tangents of two circles. These are tangent lines that cross as they skim past one circle and touch the other.

Returns the four points: tangentpoint1 on circle 1, tangentpoint1 on circle2, tangentpoint2 on circle 1, tangentpoint2 on circle2.

Returns (O, O, O, O) if inner tangents can't be found (eg when the circles overlap).

Use circlecircleoutertangents() to find the outer tangents.

Luxor.circlecircleoutertangents — Function

circlecircleoutertangents(cpt1::Point, r1, cpt2::Point, r2)

Return four points, p1, p2,p3,p4, where a line throughp1andp2, and a line throughp3andp4, form the outer tangents to the circles defined bycpt1/r1andcpt2/r2`.

Returns four identical points (O) if one of the circles lies inside the other.

Paths and positions

A path is a sequence of lines and curves. You can add lines and curves to the current path, then use closepath() to join the last point to the first.

A path can have subpaths, created withnewsubpath(), which can form holes.

There is a 'current position' which you can set with move(), and can use implicitly in functions like line(), rline(), text(), arc() and curve().

Luxor.move — Function

move(pt)

Move to a point.

Luxor.rmove — Function

rmove(pt)

Move relative to current position by the pt's x and y:

Luxor.newpath — Function

newpath()

Create a new path. This is Cairo's new_path() function.

Luxor.newsubpath — Function

newsubpath()

Add a new subpath to the current path. This is Cairo's new_sub_path() function. It can be used for example to make holes in shapes.

Luxor.closepath — Function

closepath()

Close the current path. This is Cairo's close_path() function.

Luxor.currentpoint — Function

currentpoint()

Return the current point.

Luxor.hascurrentpoint — Function

hascurrentpoint()

Return true if there is a current point. Obtain the current point with currentpoint().

Lines

Use line() and rline() to draw straight lines. line(pt1, pt2, action) draws a line between two points. line(pt) adds a line to the current path going from the current position to the point. rline(pt) adds a line relative to the current position.

Luxor.line — Function

line(pt)

Draw a line from the current position to the pt.

line(pt1::Point, pt2::Point, action=:none)

Make a line between two points, pt1 and pt2 and do an action.

Luxor.rline — Function

rline(pt)

Draw a line relative to the current position to the pt.

You can use rule() to draw a line through a point, optionally at an angle to the current x-axis.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(700, 200, "assets/figures/rule.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(0.5) # hide
y = 10
for x in 10 .^ range(0, length=100, stop=3)
    global y
    circle(Point(x, y), 2, :fill)
    rule(Point(x, y), -π/2, boundingbox=BoundingBox(centered=false))
    y += 2
end

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

arc

Use the boundingbox keyword argument to crop the ruled lines with a BoundingBox.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(700, 200, "assets/figures/rulebbox.png") # hide
origin()
background("white") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(0.75) # hide
box(BoundingBox() * 0.9, :stroke)
for x in 10 .^ range(0, length=100, stop=3)
    rule(Point(x, 0), π/2,  boundingbox=BoundingBox() * 0.9)
    rule(Point(-x, 0), π/2, boundingbox=BoundingBox() * 0.9)
end
finish() # hide

arc

Luxor.rule — Function

rule(pos, theta;
    boundingbox=BoundingBox(),
    vertices=false)

Draw a straight line through pos at an angle theta from the x axis.

By default, the line spans the entire drawing, but you can supply a BoundingBox to change the extent of the line.

rule(O)       # draws an x axis
rule(O, pi/2) # draws a  y axis

The function:

rule(O, pi/2, boundingbox=BoundingBox()/2)

draws a line that spans a bounding box half the width and height of the drawing, and returns a Set of end points. If you just want the vertices and don't want to draw anything, use vertices=true.

Arrows

You can draw lines, arcs, and curves with arrows at the end with arrow(). For straight arrows, supply the start and end points. For arrows as circular arcs, you provide center, radius, and start and finish angles. You can optionally provide dimensions for the arrowheadlength and arrowheadangle of the tip of the arrow (angle in radians between side and center). The default line weight is 1.0, equivalent to setline(1)), but you can specify another.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(400, 250, "assets/figures/arrow.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
sethue("steelblue4") # hide
setline(2) # hide
arrow(Point(0, 0), Point(0, -65))
arrow(Point(0, 0), Point(100, -65), arrowheadlength=20, arrowheadangle=pi/4, linewidth=.3)
arrow(Point(0, 0), 100, π, π/2, arrowheadlength=25,   arrowheadangle=pi/12, linewidth=1.25)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

If you provide four points, you can draw a Bézier curve with optional arrowheads at each end. Use the various options to control their presence and appearance.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 400, "assets/figures/arrowbezier.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
setline(2) # hide
pts = ngon(Point(0, 0), 100, 8, vertices=true)
sethue("mediumvioletred")
arrow(pts[2:5]..., :stroke, startarrow=false, finisharrow=true)
sethue("cyan4")
arrow(pts[3:6]..., startarrow=true, finisharrow=true)
sethue("midnightblue")
arrow(pts[[4, 2, 6, 8]]..., :stroke,
    startarrow=true,
    finisharrow=true,
    arrowheadangle = π/6,
    arrowheadlength = 35,
    linewidth  = 1.5)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

arrows

The arrow() functions allow you to specify decoration - graphics at a point somewhere along the shaft. For example, say you want to draw a number and a circle at the midpoint of an arrow, define a function that draws text t in a circle of radius r :

function marker(r, t)
    @layer begin
        sethue("purple")
        circle(Point(0, 0), r,  :fill)
        sethue("white")
        fontsize(30)
        text(string(t), halign=:center, valign=:middle)
    end
end

and then pass it to the decorate keyword. By default, the graphics origin when the function is called is placed at the midpoint (0.5) of the arrow's shaft.

pts = ngon(Point(0, 0), 100, 5, vertices=true)

sethue("mediumvioletred")

# using an anonymous function
arrow(pts[1:4]..., decorate = () -> marker(10, 3))

sethue("olivedrab")

# no arrow, just a graphic, at 0.75
arrow(pts[1:4]..., decorate = () -> ngon(Point(0, 0), 20, 4, 0, :fill), decoration = 0.75, :none)

arrows with decoration

Use the decoration keyword to specify a location other than the default 0.5.

The graphics environment provided by the decorate function is centered at the decoration point, and rotated to the slope of the curve at that point.

Luxor.arrow — Function

arrow(startpoint::Point, endpoint::Point;
    linewidth = 1.0,
    arrowheadlength = 10,
    arrowheadangle = pi/8,
    decoration = 0.5,
    decorate = () -> ())

Draw a line between two points and add an arrowhead at the end. The arrowhead length will be the length of the side of the arrow's head, and the arrowhead angle is the angle between the sloping side of the arrowhead and the arrow's shaft.

Arrows don't use the current linewidth setting (setline()), and defaults to 1, but you can specify another value. It doesn't need stroking/filling, the shaft is stroked and the head filled with the current color.

The decorate keyword argument accepts a function that can execute code at locations on the arrow's shaft. The inherited graphic environment is centered at each point on the curve between 0 and 1 given by scalar or vector decoration, and the x-axis is aligned with the direction of the curve at that point.

arrow(centerpos::Point, radius, startangle, endangle;
    linewidth = 1.0,
    arrowheadlength = 10,
    arrowheadangle = pi/8,
    decoration = 0.5,
    decorate = () -> ())

Draw a curved arrow, an arc centered at centerpos starting at startangle and ending at endangle with an arrowhead at the end. Angles are measured clockwise from the positive x-axis.

Arrows don't use the current linewidth setting (setline()); you can specify the linewidth.

The decorate keyword argument accepts a function that can execute code at locations on the arrow's shaft. The inherited graphic environment is centered at points on the curve between 0 and 1 given by scalar or vector decoration, and the x-axis is aligned with the direction of the curve at that point.

arrow(start::Point, C1::Point, C2::Point, finish::Point, action=:stroke;
    linewidth=1.0,
    arrowheadlength=10,
    arrowheadangle=pi/8,
    startarrow=false,
    finisharrow=true,
    decoration = 0.5,
    decorate = () -> ()))

Draw a Bezier curved arrow, from start to finish, with control points C1 and C2. Arrow heads can be added/hidden by changing startarrow and finisharrow options.

The decorate keyword argument accepts a function that can execute code at locations on the arrow's shaft. The inherited graphic environment is centered at each point on the curve given by scalar or vector decoration, and the x-axis is aligned with the direction of the curve at that point (TODO - more or less - is it actually correct?).

arrow(start::Point, finish::Point, height::Vector, action=:stroke;
    keyword arguments...)

Draw a Bézier arrow between start and finish, with control points defined to fit in an imaginary box defined by the two supplied height values (see bezierfrompoints()). If the height values are different signs, the arrow will change direction on its way.

Keyword arguments are the same as arrow(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4).

Example

arrow(pts[1], pts[end], [15, 15],
    decoration = 0.5,
    decorate = () -> text(string(pts[1])))

Arcs and curves

There are a few standard arc-drawing commands, such as curve(), arc(), carc(), and arc2r(). Because these are often used when building complex paths, they usually add arc sections to the current path. To construct a sequence of lines and arcs, use the :path action, followed by a final :stroke or similar.

curve() constructs Bézier curves from control points:

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 275, "assets/figures/curve.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("white") # hide

sethue("black") # hide

setline(.5)
pt1 = Point(0, -125)
pt2 = Point(200, 125)
pt3 = Point(200, -125)

label.(string.(["O", "control point 1", "control point 2", "control point 3"]),
    :e,
    [O, pt1, pt2, pt3])

sethue("red")
map(p -> circle(p, 4, :fill), [O, pt1, pt2, pt3])

line(Point(0, 0), pt1, :stroke)
line(pt2, pt3, :stroke)

sethue("black")
setline(3)

# start a path
move(Point(0, 0))
curve(pt1, pt2, pt3) #  add to current path
strokepath()

finish()  # hide
nothing # hide

curve

arc2r() draws a circular arc centered at a point that passes through two other points:

using Luxor, Random # hide
Drawing(700, 200, "assets/figures/arc2r.png") # hide
origin() # hide
Random.seed!(42) # hide
background("white") # hide
tiles = Tiler(700, 200, 1, 6)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    c1, pt2, pt3 = ngon(pos, rand(10:50), 3, rand(0:pi/12:2pi), vertices=true)
    sethue("black")
    map(pt -> circle(pt, 4, :fill), [c1, pt3])
    sethue("red")
    circle(pt2, 4, :fill)
    randomhue()
    arc2r(c1, pt2, pt3, :stroke)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

arc

arc2sagitta() and carc2sagitta() make circular arcs based on two points and the sagitta (the maximum height from the chord).

using Luxor, Colors # hide
Drawing(400, 250, "assets/figures/arc2sagitta.svg") # hide
origin() # hide
background("white") # hide
setline(.5) # hide
translate(0, 50) # hide
pt1 = Point(-100, 0)
pt2 = Point(100, 0)
for n in reverse(range(1, length=7, stop=120))
    sethue("red")
    rule(Point(0, -n))
    sethue(LCHab(70, 80, rescale(n, 120, 1, 0, 359)))
    pt, r = arc2sagitta(pt1, pt2, n, :fillpreserve)
    sethue("black")
    strokepath()
    text(string(round(n)), O + (120, -n))
end
circle.((pt1, pt2), 5, :fill)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

arc

Luxor.arc — Function

arc(xc, yc, radius, angle1, angle2, action=:none)

Add an arc to the current path from angle1 to angle2 going clockwise, centered at xc, yc.

Angles are defined relative to the x-axis, positive clockwise.

arc(centerpoint::Point, radius, angle1, angle2, action=:none)

Add an arc to the current path from angle1 to angle2 going clockwise, centered at centerpoint.

Luxor.arc2r — Function

  arc2r(c1::Point, p2::Point, p3::Point, action=:none)

Add a circular arc centered at c1 that starts at p2 and ends at p3, going clockwise, to the current path.

c1-p2 really determines the radius. If p3 doesn't lie on the circular path, it will be used only as an indication of the arc's length, rather than its position.

Luxor.carc — Function

carc(xc, yc, radius, angle1, angle2, action=:none)

Add an arc to the current path from angle1 to angle2 going counterclockwise, centered at xc/yc.

Angles are defined relative to the x-axis, positive clockwise.

carc(centerpoint::Point, radius, angle1, angle2, action=:none)

Add an arc centered at centerpoint to the current path from angle1 to angle2, going counterclockwise.

Luxor.carc2r — Function

carc2r(c1::Point, p2::Point, p3::Point, action=:none)

Add a circular arc centered at c1 that starts at p2 and ends at p3, going counterclockwise, to the current path.

c1-p2 really determines the radius. If p3 doesn't lie on the circular path, it will be used only as an indication of the arc's length, rather than its position.

Luxor.arc2sagitta — Function

arc2sagitta(p1::Point, p2::Point, s, action=:none)

Make a clockwise arc starting at p1 and ending at p2 that reaches a height of s, the sagitta, at the middle. Might append to current path...

Return tuple of the center point and the radius of the arc.

Luxor.carc2sagitta — Function

carc2sagitta(p1::Point, p2::Point, s, action=:none)

Make a counterclockwise arc starting at p1 and ending at p2 that reaches a height of s, the sagitta, at the middle. Might append to current path...

Return tuple of center point and radius of arc.

Luxor.curve — Function

curve(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
curve(p1, p2, p3)

Add a Bézier curve.

The spline starts at the current position, finishing at x3/y3 (p3), following two control points x1/y1 (p1) and x2/y2 (p2).

More curved shapes: sectors, spirals, and squircles

A sector (technically an "annular sector") has an inner and outer radius, as well as start and end angles.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 200, "assets/figures/sector.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
sethue("tomato")
sector(50, 90, π/2, 0, :fill)
sethue("olive")
sector(Point(O.x + 200, O.y), 50, 90, 0, π/2, :fill)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

sector

You can also supply a value for a corner radius. The same sector is drawn but with rounded corners.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 200, "assets/figures/sectorrounded.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
sethue("tomato")
sector(50, 90, π/2, 0, 15, :fill)
sethue("olive")
sector(Point(O.x + 200, O.y), 50, 90, 0, π/2, 15, :fill)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

sector

Luxor.sector — Function

sector(centerpoint::Point, innerradius, outerradius, startangle, endangle, action:none)

Draw an annular sector centered at centerpoint.

sector(innerradius::Real, outerradius::Real, startangle::Real, endangle::Real,
   action::Symbol=:none)

Draw an annular sector centered at the origin.

sector(centerpoint::Point, innerradius, outerradius, startangle, endangle,
    cornerradius, action:none)

Draw an annular sector with rounded corners, basically a bent sausage shape, centered at centerpoint.

TODO: The results aren't 100% accurate at the moment. There are small discontinuities where the curves join.

The cornerradius is reduced from the supplied value if neceesary to prevent overshoots.

sector(innerradius::Real, outerradius::Real, startangle::Real, endangle::Real,
   cornerradius::Real, action::Symbol=:none)

Draw an annular sector with rounded corners, centered at the current origin.

A pie (or wedge) has start and end angles.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(400, 300, "assets/figures/pie.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
sethue("magenta") # hide
pie(0, 0, 100, π/2, π, :fill)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

pie

Luxor.pie — Function

pie(x, y, radius, startangle, endangle, action=:none)

Draw a pie shape centered at x/y. Angles start at the positive x-axis and are measured clockwise.

pie(centerpoint, radius, startangle, endangle, action=:none)

Draw a pie shape centered at centerpoint.

Angles start at the positive x-axis and are measured clockwise.

pie(radius, startangle, endangle, action=:none)

Draw a pie shape centered at the origin

To construct spirals, use the spiral() function. These can be drawn directly, or used as polygons. The default is to draw Archimedean (non-logarithmic) spirals.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 300, "assets/figures/spiral.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(.5) # hide
fontface("Avenir-Heavy") # hide
fontsize(15) # hide

spiraldata = [
  (-2, "Lituus",      50),
  (-1, "Hyperbolic", 100),
  ( 1, "Archimedes",   1),
  ( 2, "Fermat",       5)]

grid = GridRect(O - (200, 0), 130, 50)

for aspiral in spiraldata
    @layer begin
        translate(nextgridpoint(grid))
        spiral(last(aspiral), first(aspiral), period=20π, :stroke)
        label(aspiral[2], :S, offset=100)
    end
end

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

spiral

Use the log=true option to draw logarithmic (Bernoulli or Fibonacci) spirals.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 400, "assets/figures/spiral-log.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
setline(.5) # hide
sethue("black") # hide
fontface("Avenir-Heavy") # hide
fontsize(15) # hide

spiraldata = [
    (10,  0.05),
    (4,   0.10),
    (0.5, 0.17)]

grid = GridRect(O - (200, 0), 175, 50)
for aspiral in spiraldata
    @layer begin
        translate(nextgridpoint(grid))
        spiral(first(aspiral), last(aspiral), log=true, period=10π, :stroke)
        label(string(aspiral), :S, offset=100)
    end
end

finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Modify the stepby and period parameters to taste, or collect the vertices for further processing.

spiral log

Luxor.spiral — Function

spiral(a, b, action::Symbol=:none;
                 stepby = 0.01,
                 period = 4pi,
                 vertices = false,
                 log=false)

Make a spiral. The two primary parameters a and b determine the start radius, and the tightness.

For linear spirals (log=false), b values are:

lituus: -2

hyperbolic spiral: -1

Archimedes' spiral: 1

Fermat's spiral: 2

For logarithmic spirals (log=true):

golden spiral: b = ln(phi)/ (pi/2) (about 0.30)

Values of b around 0.1 produce tighter, staircase-like spirals.

A squircle is a cross between a square and a circle. You can adjust the squariness and circularity of it to taste by supplying a value for the root (keyword rt):

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 250, "assets/figures/squircle.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
fontsize(20) # hide
setline(2)
tiles = Tiler(600, 250, 1, 3)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    sethue("lavender")
    squircle(pos, 80, 80, rt=[0.3, 0.5, 0.7][n], :fillpreserve)
    sethue("grey20")
    strokepath()
    textcentered("rt = $([0.3, 0.5, 0.7][n])", pos)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

squircles

Luxor.squircle — Function

squircle(center::Point, hradius, vradius, action=:none;
    rt = 0.5, stepby = pi/40, vertices=false)

Make a squircle or superellipse (basically a rectangle with rounded corners). Specify the center position, horizontal radius (distance from center to a side), and vertical radius (distance from center to top or bottom):

The root (rt) option defaults to 0.5, and gives an intermediate shape. Values less than 0.5 make the shape more rectangular. Values above make the shape more round. The horizontal and vertical radii can be different.

To draw a simple rounded rectangle, supply a corner radius:

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 250, "assets/figures/round-rect-1.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("white") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(4)
box(O, 200, 150, 10, :stroke)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

rounded rect 1

Or you could smooth the corners of a box, like so:

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(600, 250, "assets/figures/round-rect.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("white") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(4)
polysmooth(box(O, 200, 150, vertices=true), 10, :stroke)
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

rounded rect

Stars and crosses

Use star() to make a star. You can draw it immediately, or use the points it can create.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(500, 300, "assets/figures/stars.png") # hide
background("white") # hide
origin() # hide
tiles = Tiler(400, 300, 4, 6, margin=5)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    randomhue()
    star(pos, tiles.tilewidth/3, rand(3:8), 0.5, 0, :fill)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

stars

The ratio determines the length of the inner radius compared with the outer.

using Luxor # hide
Drawing(500, 250, "assets/figures/star-ratios.png") # hide
origin() # hide
background("white") # hide
sethue("black") # hide
setline(2) # hide
tiles = Tiler(500, 250, 1, 6, margin=10)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    star(pos, tiles.tilewidth/2, 5, rescale(n, 1, 6, 1, 0), 0, :stroke)
end
finish() # hide
nothing # hide

Use polycross() to draw a cross-shaped polygon.

tiles = Tiler(600, 600, 4, 4, margin=10)
for (pos, n) in tiles
    randomhue()
    polycross(pos, min(tiles.tileheight/3, tiles.tilewidth/3),
        n + 2, # number of points
        rescale(n, 1, length(tiles), 0.9, 0.1), # ratio
        0, # orientation
        :fill)
end

polycross

Luxor.star — Function

star(xcenter, ycenter, radius, npoints=5, ratio=0.5, orientation=0, action=:none;
    vertices = false,
    reversepath=false)

Make a star. ratio specifies the height of the smaller radius of the star relative to the larger.

Use vertices=true to return the vertices of a star instead of drawing it.

star(center, radius, npoints=5, ratio=0.5, orientation=0, action=:none;
    vertices = false, reversepath=false)

Draw a star centered at a position:

Luxor.polycross — Function

polycross(pt::Point, radius, npoints::Int, ratio=0.5, orientation=0.0, action=:none;
    splay       = 0.5,
    vertices    = false,
    reversepath = false)

Make a cross-shaped polygon with npoints arms to fit inside a circle of radius radius centered at pt.

ratio specifies the ratio of the two sides of each arm. splay makes the arms ... splayed.

Use vertices=true to return the vertices of the shape instead of drawing it.

(Adapted from Compose.jl.xgon()))